● 2007 analysis ○ Highest market inequality= Gini level near or beyond 0.50 ■ Portugal ■ Romania ■ Greece ■ United Kingdom ○ Low market inequality = Gini level below 0.32 or around ■ Netherlands ■ Denmark ■ Slovenia ○ Baltic states has increased redistribution ■ Reducing inequality after taxes ● 2018 analysis ○ Increase in market inequality ○ Bulgaria ■ High in market + Gini ● Low fiscal redistribution ○ Most nation within range of 0.4-0.5 Gini range ■ Persistent inequality before redistribution ■ Ireland, Finland, Austria still has high redistribution ● Lower Gini ● 07-18 ○ Low fiscal redistribution nations ■ Bulgaria ■ Greece ■ Lithuania ○ High fiscal redistribution nations ■ Differences more than 0.2 points High income group ● Benefits more from pre-tax ○ Capital gain ○ Deregulated ● Less disruption ○ Transfers in low redistribution countries ● Accumulates wealths faster ○ More inequality over time ● Balanced income structures ○ Higher labor taxes ○ Wage equality ● Greater contribution to public systems Lower income groups ● Smaller share from income before taxes ● Decreased fiscal redistribution before taxes ○ Weak social security ● Risk in poverty, poor healths ○ BGR,GRC,LTU ● Narrow income gap ● High redistribution experiences ○ Better public service ○ Better minimum living standards ○ Upward mobility High market inequality + low redistribution → More inequality High market inequality + high redistribution → lower the Gap