Caracalla (198-217 CE) ● Made Co-empro during Severus reign ○ Secure dynastic succession ● With Severus death in 211 CE ○ Suppose to rule with Geta ○ Geta gets murdered ■ Caracalla killed him ■ Hated each other , refused to speak, divided the palace in half ■ Assasiation few month after death of Severus ■ Damnatio memoriae ● His record were erased form the official records ● Face chiseled off statues ● Names scratched out ● Constitutio Antoniniana (212CE) ○ Gave all free men in Empire a Roman citizenship ○ Citizen used to be limited to elites ■ Latinized province ○ Increased tax revenues ○ Expand imperial loyalty ○ Shift in Roman identity ■ All province became fully Roman ● Military focus/ Increase in salary ○ Increased salary of soldiers (+50%) ○ Military discipline ■ Relied too much on army ■ Future empires depended on Army over Senate ● Constructurein ○ Bath of Caracalla ■ Massive public bath ■ Showoff of imperial wealth ■ Secure public support ● Ruled brutally after Geta’s death ○ Mass execution of Geta’s follower ○ Military autocrat ■ Unpopular in Senate ○ Paranoia and cruelty ○ Obsessed with being compared with Alexander the great ● Assassinated in 217 CE ○ Likely Macrinus ■ Became Emperor later ○ Died while Campaigning in the East ■ Carrhae ■ Turkey •‘I am one of you; for you alone do I wish to live, so that I can give you many benefits; for all the treasuries are yours.” (Cassius Dio, 77.3.2) ● Caracalla declaring he is also one of Roman army ● Cultivates soldier emperor ● Proves his reliance on the army, not the Senate or Roman elites