Modern World Governments Study Guide Part 2

18. Import substitution is most closely related to which of the following political-economic systems? a. social democracy b. mercantilism c. liberalism d. communism 19. After World War II, many countries in Asia discarded import substitution and opted for a form of economic development known as a. microfinance. b. debt-based agriculturalism. c. export-oriented industrialization. d. centralized developmentalism. 20. Policies supported by the IMF and World Bank to increase economic liberalization in less-developed countries are often referred to as the a. Washington Consensus. b. Multilateral Accord. c. Millennium Action Accord. d. United Nations Economic Compact. 21. Policies that require countries to privatize state-run firms, end subsidies, reduce tariff barriers, shrink the size of the state, and welcome foreign investment are sometimes known as a. import substitution programs. b. structural adjustment programs. c. service-sector growth programs. d. export industrialization programs. 22. Which of the following can be said about the effects of imperialism on gender roles? a. It is difficult to generalize about the effects on gender roles, but in many countries imperialism likely made gender roles more fixed. b. Imperialism dramatically reduced the number of economic roles for women. c. Women in most countries that came under imperial control saw their political and social status rise slightly. d. Western values imposed on countries under imperial control resulted in the liberation of many women from the domestic sphere. 23. Organized life outside of the state that is often seen as critical to democracy and political stability is known as a. public goods. b. free riders. c. social circles. d. civil society. 24. Which postcolonial region currently suffers the lowest rankings on the Human Development Index? a. northern Latin America b. central Asia c. Africa d. the Middle East 25. The untaxed, unregulated, and unprotected sector of the economy is known as the ________ economy. a. unrestricted b. informal c. private d. devolved 26. In order to receive a loan from the International Monetary Fund, Mexico reduced its tariffs on imported goods and privatized several government-owned corporations. This is most consistent with a. mercantilism. b. communism. c. neoliberalism. d. social democracy. 26. A small country has applied for membership in an economic union. Before membership is granted, the ruling body of the union requires that the applicant state reduce its budget deficit to a specific percentage of GDP. This type of arrangement could be classified as a. structural reform. b. conditionality. c. neoliberalism. d. export-oriented adjustment. 27. One recent innovation to help alleviate poverty in poorer countries through small loans to small businesses is known as a. macrofinance. b. microcredit. c. structural loans. d. flexible funding. 28. Why are some countries with abundant natural resources sometimes hindered from political and economic development? a. Natural resources cost money to produce, and these states rarely have access to that kind of funding. b. The resource market is inherently unstable and leads to booms and busts. c. The state can rely on these resources and effectively ignore public demands or needs. d. These industries tend to be privatized and thus their wealth does not accrue to the state. 28. In comparing the development of postcolonial countries, which of the following pairs of factors have shown strong correlation with each other? a. political stability and multiculturalism b. abundant natural resources and weak economic development c. deep ethnic divisions and strong economic growth d. presidential systems and robust economic growth 29. One of the major criticisms of microfinance or microcredit is that the a. loans are rarely repaid. b. loans create a dependency on foreign handouts. c. loans do not help grow businesses that can hire employees. d. international community is not involved in making these investments. 30. Which of the following might be a Washington Consensus policy recommendation to a less-developed country that would be opposed by a supporter of import substitution policy? a. investing heavily in domestic agriculture b. raising tariffs to reduce foreign imports c. reducing state power d. promoting private domestic industry CHAPTER 11: Globalization and the Future of Comparative Politics Multiple CHOICE 1. What is foreign direct investment? a. It is the process by which a firm moves some of its work to a secondary business to be done more efficiently or cheaply. b. It is the purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm. c. It is the integration of states into a supranational organization. d. It is the investment of a firm into building new factories in its home country. 1. Which of the following entities can be either exclusively national or fully international in nature? a. Bretton Woods b. MNCs c. NGOs d. IGOs 2. In what way is the Internet unlike a typical international regime? a. It has no norms that lead to a specific goal. b. It is not seen as beneficial. c. It does not link states or individuals together in a meaningful way. d. It is more easily controlled by sovereign states. 3. International regimes involve rules and ________ that shape relationships. a. norms b. individuals c. states d. oversight 3. The experiences of the WTO in 1999 and 2008 suggest which of the following? a. the rapid weakening of state sovereignty b. an increase in antiglobalization activism c. the power of MNCs to derail trade liberalization talks d. the increased power of NGOs to promote global human rights 4. According to political scientists Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, what is the relationship between globalization and history? a. Globalization takes the simple form of international contacts and interaction. b. Significant international connections have only appeared in the last half century. c. Globalization is “thick” compared to the international connections of the past. d. Globalization highlights the distinction between international relations and domestic politics. 5. Which of the following is an example of an international regime? a. North Korea refuses to discontinue development of nuclear weapons because the government believes they are necessary for self-preservation. b. Ford and GM open manufacturing plants in Mexico because they know they can save money on labor and do not have to worry quite as much about stringent environmental laws. c. The United States regulates the production and contents of various industrial products to ensure they meet safety standards. d. States very rarely use biological and chemical weapons in warfare based on the norm that they are immoral and the rules laid out in several treaties. 5. In which of the following ways are the new violent international actors empowered by globalization similar to IGOs and MNCs, and in which way are they dissimilar? a. similar in that they are flexible; dissimilar in that they employ physical force to reach their objectives b. similar in that they resemble social networks; dissimilar in that they employ violence c. similar in that they exercise sovereignty; dissimilar in that they seek their objectives with the use of force d. similar in that they are decentralized; dissimilar in that they hold territory 6. One important impact of globalization on the study of politics is that it a. reduces the need for diplomacy between major states. b. seems to be the most important force to date for weakening autocratic leaders. c. calls into question the future viability of international organizations. d. blurs the lines between domestic politics and international relations. 7. Greenpeace is a good example of a(n) a. multinational corporation. b. nongovernmental organization. c. international regime. d. intergovernmental organization. 8. The World Trade Organization is a good example of a(n) a. multinational corporation. b. nongovernmental organization. d. global civil society. c. intergovernmental organization. 9. Globalization is associated with the growing power of a host of nonstate or supra-state entities. What are the three major categories that these entities fall into? a. multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations b. interstate economic unions, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations c. multinational corporations, nonprofit organizations, interstate economic unions d. international regimes, interstate economic unions, nonprofit organizations 10. Political globalization has the most potential to lead to a. growing state capacity but weakening autonomy. b. growing state autonomy but weakening capacity. c. weakening state autonomy and capacity. d. strengthening state autonomy and capacity. 11. In which of the following ways did the Bretton Woods system differ from the Washington Consensus? a. It created important, formal international organizations. b. It placed less emphasis on the promotion of international trade. c. It increased state control over international markets instead of reducing it. d. It reduced the pace of globalization instead of advancing it. 12. Which of the following ultimately resulted from the establishment of the Bretton Woods system? a. an increase in national sovereignty b. the International Criminal Court c. establishment of the World Trade Organization d. greater national control over trade agreements 13. The idea of Thomas Friedman’s “golden straitjacket” is that globalization will a. reduce all political decisions to economic ones. b. limit an individual citizen’s faith in traditional government. c. bind states to international agreements that reduce violent conflict. d. exacerbate competition among states for natural resources. 14. Critics of globalization speak of the problem of a “democratic deficit,” meaning a. democratic processes within states will weaken and limit the power of citizens to elect their own regional governments. b. nonstate organizations need to be given more power in order to keep states in check. c. nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations will take on increasing democratic processes, reducing their ability to act quickly and efficiently. d. the movement of power toward international organizations may reduce public representation and control. 15. A computer retailer decides to move the offices for its technical support phone line to a country where the labor is cheaper. This is an example of a. offshore outsourcing. b. horizontal globalization. c. localized globalization. d. devolved labor. 16. The Trans-Pacific Partnership was intended to liberalize trade across which regions? a. Africa and Asia b. Asia and Latin America c. Asia and Europe d. Latin America and Oceania 17. The North American Free Trade Agreement involves all of the following countries except a. Canada. b. Mexico. c. Brazil. d. The United States. 15. Call centers and data processing are examples of what is known as a. offshore outsourcing. b. horizontal globalization. c. localized globalization. d. devolved labor. 16. What aspect of globalization first came into being in the late nineteenth century? a. the first truly global war b. the first NGOs and IGOs c. the first multinational corporations d. the first transnational terrorist groups 17. The liberalizing view of globalization suggests that it will be a a. threat to free trade. b. mechanism for future prosperity. c. process that will bleed away democratic structures. d. tool for the diminishing of local arts and culture. 18. Optimists believe that societal globalization, through a process of “creative destruction,” could lead to a form of a. resurgent state sovereignty. b. global anarchy. c. transnational terrorism. d. global cosmopolitanism. 19. In the process of historical globalization, the late nineteenth century saw the rise of the first a. NGOs and IGOs. b. modern state structures. c. international terrorist organizations. d. multinational corporations. 20. Which of the following is an example of foreign direct investment? a. Amazon ships goods to consumers in over 100 countries. b. Saudi Arabia invests its oil wealth in the United States stock market. c. The International Monetary Fund lends money to Argentina to help stabilize its budget. d. Volkswagen, a Germany auto manufacturer, builds a factory in Mexico. 21. The United States recently abandoned its intentions to sign which trade agreement? a. the North American Free Trade Agreement b. the Trans-Pacific Partnership c. the Paris Accords d. the Lisbon Treaty 20. Some optimists argue that a global cosmopolitanism could pave the way for a. a global civil society. b. one world government. c. “cyber-anarchism.” d. a common world religion. 21. Which of the following statements about the extent of globalization is accurate? a. Global foreign direct investment reached roughly $200 billion in 2015. b. General Electric’s total profits in 2015 were approximately the same as Great Britain’s GDP at purchasing power parity. c. In 2015, nearly a quarter of a billion people moved across international borders. d. The number of MNCs actually shrank between 2003 and 2015 due to consolidation. 22. In which of the following ways has sovereign authority reasserted itself over the last decade? a. growth of multinational corporations b. states forcing the reduction in the number of NGOs c. sharp rise in tariff barriers d. censorship of Internet websites by some states 23. Rather than a universal process of economic deepening across the globe, much of what we think of as globalization is simply the a. integration of China into the global market. b. rise of the Indian economy. c. liberalization of U.S. trade to allow more imports. d. integration of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into the world economy and political order since 1989. 24. What is the main purpose of the World Bank? a. to provide loans to countries going through financial difficulties b. to provide loans and technical assistance to developing countries c. to oversee trade agreements between member states d. to preserve international peace through mediation of challenging issues 25. What is the name of the process that creates intensive and extensive international connections, changing traditional relationships of time and space? a. offshore outsourcing b. foreign direct investment c. globalization d. international regime formation 24. The 2010–14 World Values Survey shows that, when asked, over two-thirds of individuals identify themselves as a. “world citizens.” b. ethnic nationalists. c. admirers of Western values. d. “virtual citizens.” 25. According to the 2010–14 World Values Survey, ________ showed less mistrust of nationalities other than their own than ________. a. respondents under 29; respondents over 50 b. respondents over 50; respondents under 29 c. respondents from less-developed countries; respondents from more developed countries d. respondents from more developed countries; respondents from less-developed countries 26. In his work The Economic Consequences of the Peace, economist John Maynard Keynes describes a period that seems to have many similarities to the current state of globalization. Which of the following is that period? a. period before World War I b. period before World War II c. Cold War d. rise of the Ottoman Empire 27. Which of the following is an example of a multinational corporation? a. Apple, Inc. b. the European Union c. the World Bank d. Australia 27. Which of the following statements about aspects of Bretton Woods and the Washington Consensus is accurate? a. The Washington Consensus helped pave the way for the creation of institutions like the IMF and World Bank. b. The IMF provides loans and technical assistance to advance development in less-developed countries. c. A core goal of Bretton Woods was to help manage economic relations between countries, and the Washington Consensus advocated a reduction of states’ control over the market. d. Both Bretton Woods and the Washington Consensus advocated the maintenance of state-controlled industries in developing countries so that they could compete with the developed world. 28. Which of the following statements best describes a major concern of those who believe globalization will be detrimental to social progress? a. Globalization reduces the number of choices, values, ideas, and information people are presented with. b. A new global civil society may fuel the growth of new NGOs and IGOs. c. Globalization may lead to a form of global cosmopolitanism. d. Globalization has demonstrated that it can inspire increased levels of violent fundamentalism. 29. Over the past two decades a. developing countries such as China have struggled economically as most gains have gone to foreign firms. b. cell phone penetration and broadband internet access has reached high levels even in developing countries. c. states have collectively shrunk their militaries as a result of the renewed relevance of the United Nations. d. there has been little change in migration patterns and few people emigrate from the country in which they were born. 29. Which of the following statements about the growth (or lack of growth) of globalization is accurate? a. All international trade only accounts for about 25 percent of global GDP. b. Developing countries still constitute less than a quarter of world GDP when measured by purchasing power parity. c. Despite predictions to the contrary, global inequality has remained steady or grown slightly over the last three decades. d. Globalization has largely ended the need for concentration of tech development in single locations like Silicon Valley. 30. In which of the following ways does the study of societal globalization differ from that of political globalization? a. It largely focuses on the development of nonstate and supra-state organizations as rivals to the state. b. It focuses on the formation of civil society that stretches beyond borders. c. It largely ignores nationalist movements as part of global culture. d. It rejects the concept of global cosmopolitanism.