Lysogenic and Lytic Cycles of Bacteriophage | Cheat Sheet - Edubirdie

University:
University of California, San Diego
Course:
BIMM 100 | Molecular Biology
Academic year:

2024
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147

Pages:

1
Author:

customer-8930767

Compare and contrast the lysogenic and lytic cycles of bacteriophage ?, emphasizing genetic regulation and integration mechanisms. Bacteriophage ? is a temperate phage infecting E. coli, capable of two life cycles: lytic (virulent) and lysogenic (dormant). The lytic cycle produces progeny and lyses the host; the lysogenic cycle integrates the phage genome into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage. In the lytic cycle, after injection, ? DNA circularizes and immediately expresses immediate-early genes cro and N. N protein is an antiterminator allowing late gene expression. Cro represses the lysogenic promoter (P??), favoring replication and packaging. Late genes (head, tail, lysis) produce ~100 virions, then holin and endolysin lyse the cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage uses integrase (Int) and host factors (IHF, Fis) to integrate its DNA into the attB site of the E. coli chromosome via site-specific recombination between attP (phage) and attB (bacteria). Integration establishes the prophage. Lysogeny is maintained by ? repressor (cI protein), which binds operators O?1, O?2, and O?1, blocking transcription from lytic promoters P? and P? while activating its own expression from P??. cI also represses cro. Induction occurs via DNA damage (e.g., UV light), activating RecA, which stimulates cI self-cleavage, inactivating repressor. This shifts the balance to Cro expression, initiating the lytic cycle. Thus, ? integrates environmental signals to switch cycles via a bistable genetic switch.

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