Chapter III: Practice Widal Examination

CHAPTER III PRACTICE WIDAL EXAMINATION BRIEF DESCRIPTION Typhoid feveritsisderivatives a disease caused by bacteria Salmonella entericaespecially vizSalmonella typhi. This disease canfever, be found throughout the world and is caused through food and drink. Typhoid also known as hay feverentericis a fatal multisystemic disease mainly caused bySalmonella typhi. This disease is adiffuse challenge for correct diagnosis. Classic clinical presentation includes fever, abdominal pain and constipation. Typhoid feverintestinal is a debilitating disease that can progressand to delirium, obtundation, bleeding, intestinal perforation death within a month of onset. Sufferers can be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications. Typhoid fever is caused by typesSalmonellacertain ie Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphiB and sometimes type Salmonella another. Fever caused by Salmonella typhitends to be more severe than the infectious form Salmonellaanother.Salmonellais a gram-negative bacteria that is motile, does not form spores and does not have a capsule. Salmonellagrows aerobically and> is37°C,digestive capable of growing facultatively anaerobically. Clinical symptoms are fever disorders, nausea, vomiting, stomacha pain or no disturbance of consciousness.When it causes fever in the patient, serological test is first carried out toSince confirm its presencetheantibodies to fever-causing antigens (febrile agglutinins). its inception, Widal reaction has been found to play a role as a serological test in typhoid fever. Of the 17 groups based on the O antigen they have Salmonella, There arefrom 5 groups that can infect humans,the H namely groups A, B, C, D and E. Apart the O antigen,Salmonellahas antigen present inflagellaandH the Vi antigen whichtoisformalin, not used but to diagnose but is only used to detectcarriers. antigen is resistant not heat, phenol O antigen affected by this substance, and thisorfactalcohol. is usedMeanwhile, to separatethe these two typesis not of antigen. PRINCIPLES OF EXAMINATION The antigen-antibody will form agglutination (clumps) and then be observed to see the titerreaction number. PURPOSE OF THE EXAMINATION The to: expected competencies after doing this practicum are students will be able 1. Know and practice widal checks. 2. Be able to explain and diagnose antibodies against Salmonella typhi. STUDY GUIDE To achieve competency in carrying out this practicum, students must first 1. Read and understand the contents of this learning module. 2. Explain and define widal examination. 3. Practicing widal inspection and observation. 4. Make a results report after the practical lecture. PRACTICUM 3 (WIDAL EXAMINATION) -150 Minutes EXAMINATION PROCEDURE A. Tools and Materials 1.ml,Salmonella The fever antigen for the Widal test consistsHofSalmonella typhiH 5 H paratyphiA 5 ml,Salmonella paratyphiB 5 ml,Salmonella H paratyphiC 5 ml,Salmonella typhi O 5 ml,Salmonella paratyphiA 5 ml,Salmonella 5 ml,Salmonella paratyphiC 5 mlparatyphiA andSalmonella typhiVI 5 ml.paratyphiB 5 ml,Salmonella 2. Positive control 0.5 ml. 3. Negative control 0.5 ml. 4. Drip plate 5. Serums 6. Stick B. How to Check 1.circle 80 µlofoftheserum pipetted a micro dropisplate with using a diameter of 3pipette cm. then added to the concave 2.suspension The reagent bottletois the homogenized is added serum. well, then one drop of antigen 3. Mix well using a stick and shake the drop plate by rotating it for 1 minute. 4.declared The titerpositive. is observed by observing the presence of agglutination which is C. Interpretation of Results EXERCISE 1.of Typhoid infectioncharacteristics, is caused by bacteriaSalmonella typhi which are types bacteria fever with clinical except? a. Fever > 37° C. b. Out of breath. c. Nausea and vomiting. d. Impaired consciousness. e. Abdominal pain. 2.fever. An ATLM obtainedout a blood sample fromthea patient with symptoms of typhoid After carrying an examination, titer results were still unclear, judging by the agglutination, so what action did you take? a. Re-examination (duplo) was carried out. b. Observe under a microscope so that the agglutination is clearer. c. The results are carried out as they are d. Check the patient's history e. First, see whether the antigen and control are still good. 3. How many types of O antigen do Salmonella have that are known to exist? a. 17 types b. 5 types c. 3 types d. 25 types e. 10 types SUMMARY • Salmonella sp. It is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever. •experiencing Typhoid feverdigestive has clinical symptoms in nausea, sufferersvomiting includingandfever > 37° C,and disorders such as diarrhea even death.fatal consequences resulting in impaired consciousness, resulting in •patients The Widal test is aagglutination semiquantitative to confirm the diagnosis in to observe and examination titer. GLOSSARY 1.system. Antigens are foreign objects that are detected in the human body's immune 2. Agglutination, namely lumps due to the reaction of antigen and antibody. 3.agglutination Titer, namelyor the clots.interpretation of the results from the level of