Zoonotic Diseases Carried by Mosquitoes

Zoonotic Diseases Carried by Mosquitoes 1. Malaria Malaria is a disease characterized by fever, chills, sweating, hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly.The main spreader of malaria is mosquitoesAnopheles sp. Anopheles spcan be called a malaria vector in an area, if the species in the area concerned has been proven positive for containing sporozoites in its salivary glands. Mostly mosquitoesAnopheles spwill bite at dusk or at night, for some types of mosquitoes the peak of the bite is from midnight to dawn. Mosquito eradicationAnopheles spThis can be done chemically by using larvicides, it can also be done using chemical herbicides and biologically by environmental management, namely by changing the environment so that mosquito larvae cannot live and develop. 2. Chikungunya Chikungunya is a disease caused by a virus known as Alphavirus which is transmitted through mosquito bitesAedes sp. Chikungunya comes from the Shawili language which means a twisted or curved body position, referring to the patient's bent posture due to joint pain (arthralgia) as a clinical symptom in chikungunya sufferers. This joint pain occurs in the knees, ankles and joints of the hands and feet, especially in the small joints of the hands and fingers. Besidestypical chikungunyawith symptoms of arthralgia,artiphical chikungunyacan cause neurological symptoms, cardiovascular, skin, ocular and kidney disorders. Viral infectiontypical chikungunyacan last as longweeks to months, which can be very detrimental both economically and mentally. The vector that carries the chikungunya virus is the mosquitoAedes spoften found in tropical and subtropical areas. Mosquitoes can breed well in clean water, water reservoirs and cooling areas. In the rainy season, infections often occur, because conditions are suitable for the development of mosquitoes. This causes an increase in the number of mosquito populations as virus vectors, thereby accelerating the spread of diseases found in rural and urban areas. Chikungunya includesself-limiting disease” or a disease that heals by itself. There is no specific treatment, no vaccine or special medicine. However, the pain still lasts for weeks to months. This disease does not cause death. Pain in the joints will not cause paralysis. After five days, the fever will gradually subside, the aches and pains in the joints and muscles will decrease, and the sufferer will recover as before.To overcome chikungunya, there are several ways, including destroying Aedes sp species in residential areas by cleaning breeding places or sprinkling larvicide in all places that have the potential to become breeding places for A. aegypti mosquitoes, removing stagnant water from water reservoirs, cutting grass and bushes. because it is a hiding place for mosquitoes. 3. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an acute febrile disease that can cause death. Dengue is transmitted by the genus Aedes sp, a mosquito that is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Dengue fever is also calledbreakbone feverand is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that is most important in humans. The clinical picture of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) often depends on the age of the sufferer. In infants and children, fever is usually present with a maculopapular rash only. In older children and adults there may only be a mild fever, or a complete clinical picture with sudden high fever, severe headache, pain in the back of the head, muscle and joint pain and rash. Dengue is transmitted to humans mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and the Aedes mosquitoalbopictus, and is also sometimes transmitted by Aedes polynesiensis and several other mosquito species which actively suck blood during the day. After the infected blood is inhaled by the mosquito, the virus enters the mosquito's salivary glands (salivary glands) then multiply and become infective within 8-10 days, which is called the extrinsic incubation period. Once a virus enters a mosquito's body and reproduces, the mosquito will remain infective for the rest of its life. 4. Japanese B. Encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection that attacks the central nervous system. This encephalitis disease is zoonotic, it can cause inflammation of the brain which mostly attacks children under 10 years of age. In Indonesia, it is estimated that one type of virus that causes it is Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).This virus is a member of the Arbovirus group B or genus Flavivirus, spread by mosquitoes (mosquitoborne viral disease) by means of animals such as pigs. This disease has spread in many countries from Siberia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. In other countries, it has been proven that the most important vector of JE disease is the Culex sp mosquito.In humans, JE can affect all ages but generally attacks children more often. Not all humans bitten by Culex sp mosquitoes develop encephalitis. The incubation period for this disease is an average of four to 14 days. Clinical symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the central nervous system disorder and the age of the patient. Culex mosquitoes can grow anywhere, such as rice fields, ponds, standing water in cages and so on. Culex mosquitoes are zoophilic, that is, they prefer animals as prey rather than humans, so the JE virus generally infects animals. Only by chance can it infect humans, especially if the density of Culex mosquitoes increases. Transmission of disease to humans occurs when mosquitoes that have bitten viremic pigs then bite humans again. Prevention and eradication of JE is aimed at humans, vectors (mosquitoes and their larvae) and reservoirs. Prevention in humans can be done by avoiding bites from Culex sp mosquitoes. These mosquitoes start biting at night until the next morning.