Introduction to Criminal Justice Chapter 4 Review Questions

Chapter 4 Review Questions 1. What contributions to modern probation did John Augustus make that continue today? He bailed offenders out and then took them into his custody, then would help them find work and a residence to keep the courts appraised of their progress. 2. Approximately how many people were on probation in the United States in 2015? 3,942,800 3. What are the primary emphases of probation supervision? To maintain surveillance, enforce condition of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes. 4. Differentiate between the casework and surveillance styles of probation supervision. A casework style emphasizes helping the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender completes supervision. A surveillance style emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and the detection of violations leading to revocation and return to custody. 5. What is the difference between standard and special conditions of probation? Standard conditions are conditions that must be followed by every probationer. Special conditions are conditions of probation tailored to meet the needs for a particular offender; they can be imposed to meet the specific risks or needs of an individual offender. 6. List five standard conditions of probation. The probationer shall not leave the judicial district without permission of the PO or the court. The probationer shall report to the PO as directed and shall submit truthful and complete reports. The probationer shall answer truthfully all inquiries by the PO and follow his or her instructions. The probationer shall maintain employment. The probationer shall notify the PO of all changes of address within seventy-two hours. 7. Name three types of probation caseloads. Regular caseload, intensive-supervision caseloads, and Special Caseload 8. What are the two types of probation violations? Technical violations which are violations of conditions of community supervision, without commission of a new crime; new-crime violations which are violations of the condition of probation prohibiting the commission of any additional crimes. 9. What were the important findings in the Gagnon v. Scarpelli decision regarding revocation of probation? -Process rights to probationers 1) to be informed in writing of the alleged violations 2) written notice in advance of the revocation process 3) to have a preliminary hearing to determine probable cause 4) to have a revocation hearing prior to the final decision 5) to attend the hearings and present witnesses on their behalf 6) to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses 7) to receive a written decision noting the reasons for the decision. 10. Describe the philosophy of the broken-windows approach to the operation of probation. The broken window concept mimics the philosophy of community policing, that al broken windows in the community are to be repaired immediately otherwise this will lead to larger instability in the community. As such probation supervision follows the lead of community policing by partnering with citizen groups, churches and other neighborhood organizations to take joint responsibility for supervising offenders (page 103) 11. How do community classification systems work, and what is their impact on probation supervision? Risk assessments that predict the chance of new crimes being committed; they are used to determine the level of supervision an offender will receive in the community. The highest risk level (intensive supervision) must meet with their PO at least once a week and have their homes/work visited at least 2-3 times a month. Most probationers are placed under regular supervision. For offenders who pose little risk to the community are placed on minimum supervision, these offenders have contact with their PO every few months and are basically responsible for themselves. 12. What is an economic sanction? Economic sanctions use money as the means of carrying out criminal sanctions, such as fines, restitution, or forfeiture of assets. 13. Differentiate between offender restitution and victim compensation programs. Offender restitution requires that the offender repay society for the harm created by the offense whereas victim compensation repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense. 14. What is asset forfeiture and why can it be called an economic sanction? Asset forfeiture is the authorized seizure by the government of money, negotiable instruments, securities or other things of value that were obtained through illegal activities. It can be called an economic sanction as property assets are seized they are auctioned off and the proceeds are divided among the federal and local law enforcement agencies that participated in the investigation. 15. Describe the results of evaluations regarding intensive supervised probation. Intensive supervised probation was initiated to increase the amount of supervision provided to selected felony probationers (need more supervision than regular probation) but are not a risk to the community. Research shows that ISP did not reduce recidivism. Other studies showed that ISP did not result in more arrest but more technical violations, which led to return to prisons. 16. How is electronic monitoring used to enforce the requirements of house arrest? Electronic monitoring requires offenders to wear a tamperproof ankle bracelet that monitors the offender's whereabouts. The bracelet acts as a receiver for a radio wave sent by a transmitter that is placed in the offender's home. 17. Differentiate passive and active electronic monitoring systems. Active systems-the central location maintains a computerized schedule of when offenders should be home and automatically "alarms" or sends a notice when the signal is not communicated between the transmitter and the receiver at that time. A PO is then sent to check on the offender or arrest them. Passive system- requires random telephone calls during the times which an offender should be home. When the phone call is made the offender has a certain amount of time to place the receiver against the transmitter proving that they are in the home required. 18. What are the two ways that community residential centers are used as intermediate sanctions? At the time of sentencing a judge can determine the probationers needs the services of a CRC or it can happen later into the probationary supervision. 19. What is a split sentence? Split sentence is a combination of a short jail sentence and then supervision in the community on probation. 20. Describe the operation of a boot camp. Correctional boot camps are operated like military boot camps; offenders are required to have short hair, shine their shoes, wear uniform, complete extensive physical exercise and perform hard labor. These activities are complemented with education or drug programming but the major components remain as a military regimentation, discipline, exercise and hard work. 21. How long does an offender usually stay in prison under shock probation? 90-130 days. 22. How can net widening reduce the effectiveness of an intermediate-sanctions program? Net widening - the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community placed offenders, rather than diversion of offenders from prison.