University:
University of Maryland Global Campus
Course:
IFSM 304 | Ethics in Information Technology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

280

Pages:

9
Author:

Maverick Martin

ARPANET • DoD created ARPA in late 1950s • Licklider conceived of “Galactic Network” • Decentralized design to improve survivability • Packet-switching replaced circuit switching Circuit-Switched v s Packet-Switched Networks ersu Comparison of circuit-switched networking (a) and packet-switched networking (b). Email • Creation – Tomlinson at B B N wrote software to send, receive email messages – Roberts created email utility • Current status – One of world’s technologies most important communication – Billions of messages sent in U.S. every day Internet • Kahn conceived of open architecture networking • Cerf and Kahn designed TCP/IP protocol • Internet: network of networks communicating using TCP/IP NSFNET • Created by National Science Foundation • Provided access grants to universities • Encouraged commercial subscribers for regional networks • Banned commercial traffic on N SFNET Backbone • Private companies connections developed long-distance Internet • After private networks established, N S F shut down N S F NET Backbone Broadband • Broadband – High-speed Internet connection – Makes feasible transfer of very large files (e.g., video) – Growth in file-swapping growth parallels growth in broadband • Typical broadband speeds – South Korea (#1): 28.6 megabits/second – Norway (#2): 23.5 megabits/second – Sweden (#3): 22.5 megabits/second – United States (#10): 18.7 megabits/second Wireless Networks • Cell phones – Appeared in 1973, weighed 2 ½ pounds – Now weigh a few ounces and also support texting and broadband Internet access • Public access wireless local area networks – Proposed in 1993 – Hotspot: wireless Internet access point – Wi-Fi most common hotspot technology Cloud Computing (1 of 2) • Cloud computing: utilization resources over Internet of remote computing • Enablers of cloud computing – High-speed networks – High-performance, low-cost microprocessors – Virtualization: software allowing a single physical computer to emulate many virtual computing devices • Advantages of cloud computing – Massive data centers have an economy of scale – Users gain flexible use of computing resources Cloud Computing (2 of 2) • Software as a service – Use of remote computing resources to deliver applications to user – Microsoft Office 365, for example • Infrastructure as a service – Use of remove storage and resources on a pay-as-you-go basis computational – Examples: Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, IBM Cloud

Ethics for the Information Age Part 6

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