Human Growth and Development questions and Answers

Human Growth and Development questions and answers. Pre-natal Briefly discuss the 3 stages of pregnancy. The germinal stage -0-2 weeks of gestation-When a womens egg is fertilized by a mans sperm. This is called a zygote. Between 10-14 days the Zygote attaches itself to the mothers uterus The embryonic stage - 2-8 weeks of gestation - Now called an embryo. Placenta and umbilical cord develop. The Fetal stage - week 4- birth - Now called Fetus. 28 weeks - likely to survive in case of premature birth. What are teratogens? Teratogens are external influences that can cause birth defects. (cigarettes, alcohol, illegal drug pollution, radation, some prescription drugs). Factors that have an effect on the outcome are; The timing of exposure, The dose and the duration of a teratogen use. An example of a legal drug that turned out to be a teratogen was thalidomide (recommended for morning sickness.) What effect did it have on the newborn? Infants had missing arms and legs or shortened limbs (Limb differences) What is meant by protection factors in pregnancy? Are there any factors that improve and protect the well-being of both mother and fetus. Name 4 things a women can do to protect her baby during pregnancy? why it's important. o Take folic acid supplements. o Sleeping on your side after 16 weeks is recommended to avoid the risk of stillbirth o Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, some vaccinations and contraceptive pills o Reduce caffeine- high consumption has been linked to an increased risk of miscarriage. Infancy What is the difference between bonding and attachment? Bonding is the adults relationship with the baby while attachment is the babies relationship to the adult. How can a mother promote a secure attachment with her newborn and why is it important By providing comfort, security and support to a child. Being responsive to their needs. What behaviour by the Infant when the mother leaves the room then retums shows that they have a secure attachment? Most infants expressed unhappiness when mother left and when the mother returns the infant looked happy. Name 3 styles of attachment of Mary Ainsworth’s Secure attachment, Insecure Resistant Attachment, Insecure Avoidant Attachment. What are Reflexes? Describe 5 Reflexes a baby is born with Blinking- in Response to a puff of air, infant closes eyes Grasping- In response to an object pressed against palm, infant attempts to grasp object. Sucking- in response to inserting a finger or nipple into its mouth, infant begins sucking. Rooting - in response to stroking its cheek- infant tuans its head towards the touch and attempts to suck Plantar-in response to touching the ball of the foot, infant curls its toes under Stepping- in response to holding infant so that its feet barley touch the surface, infant "walks". Discuss the Sensor Moter stage in piaget theory and the time frame in which it occurs. Sensorimotor-Stage of development, (Object permanence). 0-2 years - Stage of development) (Cause and effect). Name two new concepts that the infant requires throgh this stage? To learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot see them. (object permanence) They learn Cause and effect. They learn that they have caused the effect, for example: They learn that by squeezing a rubber duck - it squeaks. Childhood. Play is more than fun as it has a positive benefit in a number of areas of a child's development. Briefly discuss 3 areas where it helps children Name 3 types of play Develop confidence, self esteem and a sense of Security. Uses creativity and imagination. They learn how to control them emotions. Physical- helps their muscles and bones. Social- they learn how to share and co opereate and develope language skills. Constructive- developes movement skills and becomes less clumsy. Helps with problem solving. Briefly discuss vygotsky theory of childhood development. vygotsky development theory believes that a childs cognitive development is mainly influenced by their social reactions and MKO’s. What did he mean by scaffolding and the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development represents what a child can do with the help of an adult; The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance/props (scaffolding) from adults or move advanced peers. Discuss the early start programme and why its Important for children from disadvantages area. it's a one-year pre-school programme for 2.5 hours a day for children between 3-5 who are in danger of not achieving their full potential. What areas does it help in a childs development and what curriculum does it use Children follow the Aistear curriculum of early reading, writing and maths skills but also take part in other creative and physical activities. What psychosocial conflict exist for the toddler between the age of 2-3 year. according to erikson. Autonomy vs shame/doubt. Discuss what a child is trying to achieve in this stage with excamples and how the parents should behave. The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile. Between the ages of 18 Months and 3, children begin to gain independence by example; picking which toy they want to play with and making choices on what they want to wear or to eat. The child is discovering that they have many skills and abilities, like putting on clothes and shoes, playing with toys. These skills give the child growing a sense of independence and autonomy. Parents behaviour - erikson says it is critical that parents allow their child to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment. Adolescence Briefly discuss the Importance of adolescence in a person's development and describe 3 changes that take place in puberty for boys and girls Adolescence is the time of life when people cease to be children and start to be adults. They must manage their own lives rather than being completely under the control of their parents, the also become sexually mature and must deal with the tremendous challenges of sexuality and (possibly) reproduction. No other transition in life is as demanding Puberty= is the process of change in a childs body through which their body matures into an adult body. Girls begin at around 10-11 years until 15-17 year, Boys begin 11-12 years until 16-17 years. During puberty girls will experience hair growth (armpit, leg and pubic) an increase in hip size, vaginal discharge, and breast development along with possible menstruation. Boys will experience height increase, shoulder width increase, and also hair growth (armpits, face, and pubic), voice changes and growth of penis and scrotum with nighttime ejaculations. Why is peer group so important for adolescence? It helps teens find independence from their parents Helps teens develop their on personal Identities Gives teenagers a sense of belonging and being Valued. Help teenagers to learn important social and emotional skills, like being sensitive to other peoples thoughts, feelings and well-being. According to Erikson what conflict exists in the teenage years. Briefly discuss it and how a teenager can come out with a positive outcome Identety us Role confusion. This is a major stage in development where the child has to learn the roles they will occupy as an adult. For a positive outcome parents need to change their parenting style and understand that their teenagers are going through transition to adulthood. Their needs should be respected and they need to be guided through this stage. Teenagers should have more opportunities to explore their Identity (sexual and occupational) in an environment that still maintains rules for their safety. Name the 3 parenting styles that Diana Baumrind identified, and which one is considered by psychologists to be the best style and why Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative The authoritative is considered the best style as it has a high level of demand on the child with a high level of response to the childs needs with encouragment. Erikson talks about Generativity in middle hood. What do you understand about this term? How does it have positive benifits for the generative person In middle adulthood, we settle down withn a relationship and begin our own familes, We become productive in careers and involved within our communities. This can be through nurturing children or being involved in voluntary organisations Briefly discuss 3 instances that can cause grief, what one the 5 stages of dying as described by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Grief is the experience of coping with loss and doesn't only happen when someone we love dies. Children may grieve a divorce; A wife may grieve the death of her husband. A teenager May grieve the ending of a Relationship. 5 stages of dying Denial (shock/withdrawal) Anger (rage/envy) Bargaining (a sense of missing out/loss) Depression (feeling pitiful) Acceptance (peace and acceptance).