Terms Analogy Rhetoric

Chapters Sixteen and Seventeen Standards Focus: Courtroom Terminology and the Judicial System It is important in this section of To Kill a Mockingbird to understand the U.S. and Alabama Court Systems and how they work, as well as common courtroom terminology, so you will be able to fully understand the events that take place in Tom Robinson's case. In the United States, each state has its own system of courts, which can vary greatly. In the state of Alabama, which is where the Tom Robinson case is held, the Superior Court has the authority to enact rules governing procedure within all courts. It is the highest court of the state, and is overseen by a chief justice and eight associate judges. Below the Superior Court are the Court of Civil Appeals and Court of Criminal Appeals. These courts are designed to hear cases that have been appealed in lower courts, to decide whether they should move "up" to be heard by the Superior Court of the state. Cases which involve money go to the Court of Civil Appeals, and those involving a criminal act go to the Court of Criminal Appeals. Below these courts is the Circuit Court, which deals with several different types of cases, including monetary disagreements, felonies, domestic issues, and juvenile cases. These cases are heard and decided by a jury. Beneath this court are the courts of limited jurisdiction, including Probate Courts, Municipal Courts, and District Courts, which deal with issues of adoption, misdemeanors, traffic violations, small claims, and preliminary hearings. The federal government also has its own system of courts, which are designed to hear cases of federal crimes, cases that have been appealed after a Supreme Court decision, and those which bring into question issues involving the Constitution. At the top of this system is the Supreme Court of the United States, which consists of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and eight associate judges. Below is a list of court terminology that you may find valuable when hearing about Tom Robinson versus the State of Alabama. Use a dictionary to look up each of these terms. Keep your list of definitions handy when reading Chapters 16 through 23. 1. acquittal 18. Jury 2. adjudication 19. jury box 3. appeal 20. litigants 4. "beyond all reasonable doubt" 21. oath 5. contempt of court 22. objection 6. conviction 23. offense 7. corroborating evidence 24. overruled 8. counsel 25. proceedings 28. prosecution 27. rebuttal 28. relevancy 29. subpoena 30. sustained 31. testify 32. testimony 33. witness 34. witness stand 10. defendant 11. defense. 12. evidence 9. cross-examination 13. expunge 14. hearings 15. immaterial 16. indicted 17. irrelevant Assessment Preparation: Analogies An analogy is a shortened way of stating the relationship between words and ideas. One type of analogy expresses the relationship between synonyms. Below is an example: rare : scarce :: abundant : plentiful This means that the relationship between rare and scarce is the same as the relationship between abundant and plentiful. "Rare" and "scarce" are synonyms, and "abundant" and "plentiful" also form a synonym pair. (The symbol ":" means "is to" and the symbol "::" means "as.") An analogy may also involve antonyms. For example:   narrow : wide :: long : short Another way to state this analogy is: "narrow is to wide as long is to short." Directions: On the line provided, choose the word from the word box which best completes the analogy. Be careful! Vocabulary words can be used anywhere in the analogy, and not all words from the word box will be used.   lurched apprehensive scrunty unfair countenance gullet subpoena throat frank peaceful acrimonious resentment guilty corroborating intent grudge biased impartial layer warning disgraceful profane flame : blaze :: gullet : throat profane : reverent :: equitable : unfair perfect : faultless :: staggered : lurched corroborating : substantiating :: fearful : apprehensive interfere : hinder :: grudge : resent subpoena : order :: objective : impartial harmonious : acrimonious :: reputable : disgraceful champion : loser :: evasive : frank face : countenance :: stratum : layer massive : immense :: blasphemous : profane Chapters Twenty and Twenty-One Standards Focus: Rhetoric Rhetoric in its simplest form is the art of persuasive speech or writing. For thousands of years, politicians and orators have been known for their use of rhetoric to influence and persuade an audience to their side or way of thinking. One of the most famous speeches in literature is Atticus's speech in Chapter 20. Atticus is able to make a great argument on Tom Robinson's behalf- enough to make the jury (and the reader) think hard about the injustices that have transpired. There are different ways a speaker or writer can appeal to his or her audience: 1) logic or reason (logos), 2) emotion (pathos), and/or 3) ethics and morals (ethos). logos: by appealing to an audience's sense of reason and logic, the speaker or writer intends to make the audience think clearly about the sensible and/or obvious answer to a problem pathos: by appealing to the audiences emotions, the speaker or writer can make the audience feel sorrow, shame, sympathy, embarrassment, anger, excitement, and/or fear ethos: the overall appeal of the speaker or writer himself or herself; it is important that this person have impressive credentials, a notable knowledge of the subject, and/or appear to be a likeable and moral person It is not only important what a speaker or writer has to say, but how he or she actually says or presents it. There are literally hundreds of rhetorical devices, dating back to the famous orators Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Besides using devices you may already be familiar with, such as figures of speech (metaphor, simile, personification) and sound devices (alliteration, assonance, consonance), writers and speakers use many other rhetorical devices to communicate their message. Below and on the next page is a very short list of rhetorical devices, their definitions, and a brief example of the device in use. anaphora: repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or lines, ex. "Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition!" (King John, II, I) antithesis: opposition or juxtaposition of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction, ex. "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." (Julius Caesar, III, ⅱ) aporia: questioning oneself (or rhetorically asking the audience), often pretending to be in doubt, ex. "The baptism of John, whence was it? From heaven, or of men?" (Matthew 21:25) apostrophe: a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person, either absent or present, real or imagined, ex. "Oh death, where is thy sting? Oh grave, where is thy victory?" (1 Cor. 15:55) asyndeton: the absence of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words, ex. "Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, / Shrunk to this little measure?" (Julius Caesar, III, 1) euphemism: a substitution of a more pleasant expression for one whose meaning may come across as rude or offensive, ex. "He passed away," rather than "He died." hyperbole: exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect, ex. "I died laughing." irony: (verbal) expression in which words mean something contrary to what is actually said, ex. Looking into your wallet full of nothing but a few pennies, and exclaiming, "Lunch is on me, guys-I am rich!" metonymy: a reference to an object or person by naming only a part of the object or person, ex. "She stood in the driveway watching as the beards moved her furniture into her new house." paralipsis: pretending to omit something by drawing attention to it, ex. A politician saying: "I will not even mention the fact that my opponent was a poor student."