Unit-4: Ecosystem Notes

CCnt) ((eort ) Eosys1E) Introducton3- Erosutem Isa Selt resoaken seg Sustcúnirg Strwckurat and fnckind tiving cranltyand enfto natuneiosphere) cen Consist Communi ty MYYYYYY 4S Physiccd enwitonment, both fkran an exchang The Contept ob ecossem' coa ffics t fosth ky Artthurc George aos\e Dekincuion -(Eco Syetem- 'eco environment mcdeicaa bétwcen hem boí tish tcologist, Sptem a (onpner cto -vdinaed. Unfts The eco sustem is 4ke beuie Functioneu& Funccomentel unia 6 4tcfre see enviroment Oraanbms ard nAcrcaAng uiHh Couh oftNog on coidh eycuwm ComgnenAs. 9t iS the stedy O ue treucAte ad fncfion ok nufre, uhfch íncwdo qie EP. odum(as3)) tiving tuorlo Orc An Ccosytem isa Sygtem orra gmurog fnerconnectcelemonAs,fewmed j tbe TnAerreHien oa Ccnmunity o an orpnims (erih AcPenvironment An ecosAem is aSuslem erR g {e Cmplex o a Com munYyo Osqanims & 4S enuT.on men fonction as an ecotogico Unrt Ecosystem înttveleg cul ot 4be livin #híngs (Pcnts, animay ano micge crupenifms) înao0 orea, înAeracting toithOne dnoavoy anc aujo euith 4hefrtnon n e envifcm ments tw ecdho, earth, Sun, Soil CurMde , ctmosphene). EcoSustems are ie Founcdat+on chte bio Sphere a«d Ay cdekeremine 4ie health oh 4he en Afre ecae{h SuSAem. Snan ecosSske), eath Orcopnidm hag TAS eu ntche orte ete tole -fo pa play SHtrwckuse o Ero Shem Thestrevcdere dan eco sylem is basicoully a descmpTm Ck ate Crapinifm ond Piaicou featme oenvirtm ment. S auso pmvides infovmo recCRclEro, the rourap cîmoutht Concliins pa pevartîng ÎnHe anea -F-Ao Sttwctureu poRnt db víeuo,au ecoSuaen constSA o stuo oasf, Coaponend s 2e abiotic Componena and bioHC Coniponehls ahich arie allo he COmpoSitias) ok ecoSutem A)A bioAfc Compon.entA bio4tc ConponenBs o ecoSudm înc tuoles aauie înovpante Y Y Y Y YYY Yn. eemen+S and cornpouncls, Suchas sori,coce", Oxiqen,mihereuS Ond vauiety o Crt death) Grcpnic compoundS (by psucucts ok orcqonie atiUTMes Th abioc components have a Srauny îfwence on he Slrtwctre, distnlaudion . rowiou tt and fnten- ulodion Sp UoCs9OUnim S oiott CemponenBS too dypes ag fotoud d cinodte Ferthors- Thosefoukoys fnetude. roin,tempeiadone, figbl, tuind cosenas reinty ol hUTnidid ord Solcuc KIOC\iCAim Kacliond energy of te. in S Hbecny printipece eneroy ou'yte fe any Ccosem. ) fdoghiC fatkos - These fctthost ine tule -le ditkerent chauatueyistics Featuve et ue Sof e Soit 4exAure, Sor P4to phy mheray The funt Aich ol, imporckont feuctorg ok abiotic Conponents arnc as dbuouws ysof are MUch morce complex Abon Smple. Sedimoots. Thcy Contrein a mixdure okweodthetec todk r-gments,htghy culemo Sof minem paudices, oropmie matles, anc tv Oremif. 3ef| pnvicleg nutmens, cwates ,a home r d a SAruckufol oocofna mediony fos oocanís The m ege Aeution fcurd oDofra Aor ob agoi is Ctoseu tinved to-tigOcomponent ot nuAiend haeric CycWnoX ecos8terr) Aumug e CAmospheve providesorganifms witn carcm dioide Fos fheto Synthess arc oxy0en foo res pisation. The preebes ot e vaposaHen, toaspiation aroPCipiAction aLe sAcajes o coayes c e beauèen 4e admospeheme and dbe earolh Gurtfete () Solaut EocliaART) ts us co tn 4 ecosusAems do heat the aAmosphere ard tu eva rotsete and Asanspîrre couAes ndo 1be, admosprore3un ticnt isaulo Aecessara forc photo&in-thesfe Carucied oU Troen Plaunts hOoA Gnthesis nd melecboltf ,n PoDvidec tve enerrg for ploon43 oth oraQnte fooc) o cuäder olo hatevosophs. n impsont abiefic foctdor.Plas and animauy tuecieve-4hwhi uatey rscme arth's SuTfare and Sof. The Crirat Couccce ob Aui touey i He precitAic) hom 4e amasphere ,CUno rounuxHes (B)efo 4ic COm Ponent The tivir orconims fhctueln panAs anîmoaus ano micnso-corsanifmg pseEnt îmaun eco SysAe Pm He bio ti mpronks. On 4be bsis ok 4hefrc ro te in e ecosyAAe) - l o} Components can oe dviac4 indo ree main oDhe soups ie hat - (a) soducer ) ae Consume ard ) de oapoges S a) Poducer or Conerers o r Transduce They are photo autotsopm P (ants tuhich are albe to Srn-thesid fecd fsomSyn-thetic o fn Cseanic rauo moAencus wiHhAbe. hopog olou hoto Sthesfs raoltation This Prreb is CCuLed Poductg ate alio Caule ongckuitex oomscducers aq ConuerT AeS beCae Aeyot abie to change Iradten t gh enogy intp Chemicue om sk ener AI cAher Orspunim depend. Upcn -{e occlu ens otraoonic Compourds Os Fo Psdueers uso manin Co0 for 4efrr Soppl OE bcuane m natr Matos procucess are alaa, bryopues ano vayulcu plenAs Okoyave Phe fo Scndhcss f odesiqChemoSm-leaic aceric, anoet Sun 4heHr (b PyoAS Consvene Kg g- They are animaul Cuhich fescd on oAker aneqeniéy oR 4ucfy pards ConSumes îngest e r doocThcy are Auey tme ugo Cou pwuyo4 prs. The animcus un food Forthei Tho Frits lacu chieopluyo n e oue tabie -to StnHhesize 4ey There fuse u clepend dineAIY Ot indi roetd on 4e pnduceys Fox os cuhfch tuayre knouh ay hefeutops. heubi vores(Fee} A cn PlcinAs) , (artnivones (Feecîhg CnQnimas)tn Ornniyores (Feclîrg m both pcans a n n nctudod ncley Eg CCnsumers. ihaus) a L r e al he hekewys phs deCevnposess arte kneun aS M s o 'ConsumNs h e ConSUTTE Ore e four ypes a fouows Cpimauy Cervrnex or raA erdea Cnsvmerc Ct Aenblvotes Primomy Con$uneas are fue O animaus c t t h fecol tn phnS Or h e Prrlurert and ane cail-eo hercbi vorres, Evompies a r c fnsecAs ,CoAke , houTge, tabbi} deart, goaf eoim ktens, hetbivene Fi¢ h Focol on phyto plankdms et Seforet ar Comsumorcs orT Fîrg orcder Censtmerrs Ccnsumegaete animars cehica Fec Seccncay enS umers OL Second Cndey ConSumens Primary Catnívogs Ontue 0 mmouy Pe-ed ConSume Cn herbivorteg and arte ase Calledt Second scles consUmers ort pimo Caunoves. fxcumpte are deqs, cats, foxes, Snakeg , Jelly Shoau ett. Se conclouru Consumery o OrT HercbivertegPmaruy ar t anlmaus Oy tuhích Terkiary ConSUmegs Or Thircd nS/mess hese. Cute e Searcdarup Coutn'voes which fed m e ovclex psi SecondlovY COngUM erS Uyuauy erutart Consunery arel Cort nivortous uU ane preclottors O fxamp 1e wctves, hatbk ( Quadercnaruy Consumerc ott fourth Ordey ess Quaesrasuy Os omers anmco h o are o-en t?p medgukuCon&Um wiMîn e ay aA Abe top ch{e Foec couiy cone teyarO {¢e larp eeeenvîrovent Carunivcse cuuth Fece On Le pasuy os Seconcdovsy 'oCurteno4 eaten by anq oiley anímal. - Exaumpes a r e s, tgerTs, Po (art oearts, ês Cro cocli1e, whaes ete o QNert Onmiver are.anîmal cUhich ComSume a mîxed diet Ond meoA Forc exomple humcuns, giaticn oears Henee bid3. a Omni e vorreg may be Coniderco econcdony on 4ernfiat COnsUm Os CCDe compos er They are Sapso tophs cuhich Pecd on dea bocie o Ovgením OnOrcpníc uastes ot living CrntSms. The. dee omposey drganim Secet dtgejtive onzameg UAo Odige he caranic maHert ex Uernany Th dlaeAea frq ot Orpmic metey S Particuy absusbe by misucreani fm Fos tho Cub Usimilation. Te. emaînir adels rtoud moderitug ane miheyau ack hto Hue SubisaBum Tve phenomonty ?s cautee mmesu iSdim De Ccmp6Serts Cue aso Called teclu cert berau Je hey a r e ahle to m o e OTT ane e elegsade They e e PlC deod bocliek ch orunifms c Sigaticon They h e p i o e F o r . Cteanir 4te envisommef utrient caeing or blogeo~ckKemi cas cline prioce sS o EroS84em EcoSglem pocess ane also eco Sugem RunctonS. EcoSugtem Proc e cute Con Volled Some -me ntercna factoss . bah called ex}errnau ano -tExdetencat fctkosa ex{ertnat faltoy Such cS Cliveute, rrcin fanl PcoHerun,Soi Hermperchre andfme aro (nterenal latdcy nctuole ,de compositin, noot Compe4iahon Pseren On Shecling disturt boænce Succe SSicy Foltoui ane e C) psactuAvity or ) frernax Fioud ) he tyrpes aSperes vartiayS iAportant pmcess ok an ecosyaHem ryudwcdian Cropaic modtes De Conpo sitic v) rloirient )iocdi vensituy ert Erosysen Gooel & Services OPvdehvity s- The ale of sunlhesis o eneruay Conaini ntt teel pert cnt uned in or bioras by any dophic ts Pscluc{iuity 9A ls meas ued aeight on eneroy (8/n - Stis C) PmrCur tuo yees psclutAivity - biomass OS 7s or kau|m°|Ys) The amount ok enery aceUmulatin îh groen Plants tfme orcpuic matere pert onit andovert phofe S-jptesic is kncun as poima psoductivHy a Orn poocem o Sub Ayes hrog psimoury PsDduchviky C)PsuddeertS h e psr ens) he orgn mattey 1S descibo U {e pertíodh ougth 94S otwo , The.ol oraanie maties Syn he Siseo a he es a Ho Sin4tei fernit fíme cano arta ie noun as JDpimary productt vl. C) Net Primcuny Prductivit t i s Hhe ueiqtnt ek orcpric materc gBoco nft area/volume fr unit +me. a Pdueen let pnary povcluctive îny is evol Tig Preclavtort însece însetHivoou Tir Hewk Fooc chan on Cuaere OPhyto ptankmfn Z00plank tm Smau Crustareans Smeu1 eu PRsh Larqert Ffsh cm Co dfle 9toplanksen- Xouplank ton predotor fnjec Smau Crwstareong-nedoutuY Inseut Smauy ftsh king fishey Stsok Sgai Ficaace o Frc Chofn h e Fecciroy ruelatinS hips anche inerauHan betuoen orrapnims în an ecosestem cn be ndercstood hrsog stucltcg o Fooel hain The Stocy e mouement . The e Foce Chon also heups to COmpme hend 4he eneray fea tolcution mechanism ano to inolersHandhe og toxic pro biem e bio bstanue e eco Sesjern9. tegheou Tmagnificcion coun au8o tudy os food chofn loy anaty Aed hre T h e Study ot food Cheo houean imprstend ole în @co toxico loqy Shdhg hephedouye o envirOMmen Ae Conteum1han 5 AroaCin S.SAody ob Food Chcein e auso heipe in modherncuicau modleiiry et Rod w e b s 3 Pcod Uebs arue conaJA2 meche@ o food chafn g . Food web h e inter locKinq olh mony Feoc choun knaun uhrch Fotz ms aneduork c a bio Afc Commurty TS knoun ag Foo ueb Food oeb îs mean for încre afr -theAaot ti ty eco ProidrX CUHertnote Soute o Foo and ofom Syplem by 4he enden ferd altouioy Choucoceristfes - . Fooe uweb te more rmeou hcen food Chon numbert ot SA CensisAs ot toce) chan fndert tnkded ot varioss nphi evels a The Food we 6iy no Strraigt The Conpmont Foecl thafn dono4 run Portolel St sevrdeg a numbert Of CHer Nade foodg to n s Pccme culfch teve tore royPgoo3- Feed batk_CKecks operate i9 Feoecuebs thaf keep he popolo4fens ditterent Speier near -9+ts esen tice E On4 Ferc Cabifiy hcun ecoSesherm. Cartni uoort ttomauin o Foo A e TAuCeNt am ahe ConsUrmers înjer chanaeel inen medAicde on a CornSAon, white cendant SfaniFiccun ce Food eoowebs Psovde comiex depictim e iodvercgfhg Spefes nAertactins, ecosuyzlen Sttwkure and Rntlion . T h e feccing takionshîp ameng Spefog maCommunty Con le kreun Shodrna Foofwehg. 2. bothn olirrett and îndirzee in Aenauhn amang Speueg Coun auyoas be oGc ertaín hrsouah Food uebs. .Foodwebs Prsrrit enengy Fow pofnt o View coun be SAudied, uhich oi tecat ua vardadian in he pctHeren ot encrg Plocuw m dibredent ecossterys lke terutestaaeeca Sgtem, aquakhc ecosun ele SPeo web coun be usesdo Stue bolhom p o top doun Con trro Communidy Structne. boern-vpr top-deun PpoAlom Up Conrso) meang the ConrsD of ProcluHVidy ano - ahndonta_ok Specieg oHe Urpo rorphic ever by ho o Specres rophic leue below Tor douN ConAsu oCCoS Cohen t e populod ion density oh a (mSume (ata topot high ed eve Contrco coin toues e t i tha og tiS teSoUste a don c Terc wolb Deert Ante lo pe Jack al mouse Ttalbft e cwfid cou FOX v ecqeteutio) (AATerrrestrialFoo eb coloicou r a m i d s - An ecologicau Pyrramid s a qraphick ruepreen fection y a n ecoioqiCaUL parcameter, tike bio mas, energ e fn voioushophic. 1evely O Hop Catnisvones 4he Afp to Fach oophic leve repreens a Fonetioreu teue. Orc graphico es peet nemer o Tndividuus pyesent fooe chasn cwhith prclucer fersming base tepejenHatonm oeoch ophic leves O on eccoSyAem wfh numbext fbio mos an-eneA Callee a Ecologira fynamic were deelopa ecotogce Pramid. hardes ElHon (q27) and cute flere-fre Cuso Cculed Eltonion rramicd. An ecologicc femid s auso cal 3 rophic Rernid, enorj fyeuni os me 4e fooo Pyomicd na pysomid the varuoug steps ato fooe choin ane a repreents c Sevene e tufth psoducers ad base , e t i v o v above them, teuoueo poimern CaULniVorteg Ona PLrsanid cuRh Afe carnTvorteg Cons4iu4 te tip o- ico Pgoemic con be uprd gACunh larqer bayee E ereThe Shage of a n ecolo tTP) in vertteu (narUroSbase qraduauy 4perúng tocuardy e an thefiP) Ort Sprncue S haped (naurOO Tacluouy becomfrg ocoorolg bade porA in 4e middle) a a kege okd fp wih Ayramlds ane Uiualy prepaed og wae eo (coefcopEMrebg S Aurmberu o îndlividucóS, anont o btornos and amoun O ener Accoral here aro three dpeg ot ecoogcole fjromids ogeive în an ecosyUsGem Suehoy C ramic) og number ) Pyoemic o omae () yoomio5 Enerjj yromid o urmoe r The. Promic oh numboer tepme Sente nurmber ot preenAs îm eath to phic |evek ean eco siy&Bem CaSms the Pyramid o nunbers dipicAs te tecdionShi p fn teromg 4ve num ber occenfve doo phie rockueercs, herbivoteg and he courni vores at th efr evels Therce is a decrrcag e nore ase o bolh mixeo îhtte nmber ch rdy jduas hghes t0 plic l-ereLg The number pycemle Narue frrora ecosyem to eco SuAem TherUe are rree yPes roemid o nurnbes G) upru4 Pypamid ohnembes The. Pupumo ef numbert feuno to be uprigh+ cuhem he nomberr. og Oraonim goaduau Aereajeg room pSDduco towcrs d e ConSUmei tevel Rhoom-e louweg This ty pe ot er to ue ryoanmic e numes is dhono me sesfand ecogeytem Ex Ca) Gvras lcono eosugters GirtogS GrTO&S Grtoes hoppers (Pocuee8) aqpatie (ponct, LYzarcd Srke (consGmme) 'CenSnet) SEKaee rtivesne ( Phyoplanken> ZooplankAer uprght Sraut ffsh laurnet ( (1 konsumers) (2Consmert Qotenar Con Suner Fagte Snake yCrni top Con Sumer b) Prne EcoS-Stem (PyDdtseers) Eaale Lzarco hrra ssh OPPer OnrcoSS Cnunes) tercttay CongUmer se condary Contum ex prcimaurcy Consurmes Pooducer pra samieoaJoxtan ecosystom paAialy UPrght pyreumid lembe- i s Seen in He Fome)t Fove)t uverte he nomber ok podueexs arte lex es Tn numbex and Suprss} a gOakex Nmet ok hercbivorT andcuhich in tum Sufmrost a Fowa number ol CourthivO%es Thus ilîs a parttiauup fn uernted Cnd Poundioly prigl Pyvcmo Secwing a dump- bet) Carnfvere_ ecose ShopcdAtuchibo erhi voy@S VPopclucs Ratiat antiaily uf tugh t4 CC)Jnvercted Pypamid ot Mtmbors - This tgpe 4 ecoloqtco Pyamicis seon îm Pood Cham uheKe one Poaury PDduce SU PRor S numeroug PaxoaSies uhith Sepport more hyped patasite s , a m a gooss laurd ecosy Inertted Pyamid o nurnbeg is auso Seon in Tree eosysiem Hyper parca TKo.mites ínsect/-Secondany onsua Eiephont r Pimo Consumex ConsUmey bhe ir imavy SiHeS Para giteS Unverte 4ercbivore Cima Pynamid toee Psocuees 9nvendeo scumidO nunber 1h nenescte re(mepen-dio0 o Enventeo ypam d o numbers a n groano econem tawine parasiAc. ) Produce nee eco uHer Food ehon Tyrcamic o iomaus- hes TKis fupemicd reoresentS 4ue amount o bioma at eouh bio maK - uepseent e Oropnic poduceg aggimi aE+e or - Anophic (vel ohan ecosystem tp He tîvina motterc rejena a n n eeng 9+ Ho t e osfhe) Ne hmadtHere Preyend fArot rograibn . Eco Su3tem. Ae pmorty pypduwction and io CmSmey is 4he pmmer OpdeuAMAj (rl P P) O te ProloreT Therte cne tuo duypes o Pyoamid o biomak e auprught pusonid a biorness - This occuss uhen 4he larqeynet bio magg o poocuer Soppest o Smema l1 net biomoy o ConSunmes ExFore ecoSelem Invercd co Ryromid ot hiormatd - Thfs huppens alon Pyeduceys uih Smane eueheght uppors CCnsumeys o hergh uwghd Ex Aqvatic Eco SySHem Tentiaru Consoe Large isheg Srmou ishes nueru Pgsomid S0con damy ConStrnex ZooplankAsn /irasy con&on es Ohyho-Pla0 ton Primetr POvduoe6 Thvordc Pgpamiy ok bîmcuj i PoncecoSuyR4orm) Thfs Pgramid) Teppeeis Rronich C Enero cemond oercroey preaen Qeat sophicA level O6 an eeoSy&Aem. n poreknt Feadrea-.The energey P tcemiof ir alwoys oprigbrt,itdue to sadecu decoeoje. în en ero e Co SurnO Comyafnt {rom ponelueer do ards tla euAS ho0C -e F (ouo o 3. i's This Rranid Proe erertgg a S 4 de pichs thok t e enertoy iS mihidnum d QUnd maX îmun aA 4Me ouer ee dbberen4 Arophi (eves. eo h e rghegt e e taophicteva A4 eoaeh rovphic tevee fere ts Succ es ve orot ererXE na Aom of heaut and respiseutHien ete , SThe amic oh eneroi fs e mest ebbeeteo seemicd 2 univerngae nen xample he e, apyicaae eco tysem exampie os Rsomid o eneray Con to Cul eco Suen3 ond be doserveo îm cu ecoSu8erm ike aquahe, grays lond, Fooe34 eeosystem. /Teta Terttiany Con SUme UPrught (o kca Secondamy ConsUme gomic (oo kcoL Aimary ConSumeg toO0 kcoL Poodece rc Pyromic o Enerq UPigh Arsomid (Pot- a)) Fnchiono Aspec EcoSem)) rincipte ond moceIS ol Eneral0u ondomeoiai process ao eneraFrO one u 4he eco Sylem Enerray Frocds ome dt he oS+ 9tis baslouny he mavemen t o rop hid eel doanother thrrough organisms tw htchs gpvertne by Cerein pmncfpre 4 - The Gtucly o Flow oh en eray ine eCostplem is 9necoldy eneray ftotis s ouSO OCalled Oa Senies ot coule eolo-qiroe eneyqhic he'cauo dioa &reled . Peuot enesdy thrtcug a Fo chain in an ecosus tem. Princne The Flow of energy fn he ecesplemis govesm ed bycereun Prncrtes chich Can be Summotú Zed as Follos to the . The oltimade Saurce O Oniginako or Soutte energ ok enea SunLonich fs capusen oby Con erd Ais radtan eneny Foranak A e o r e o ot The' Som Sun s 9n Ahe s 4e taoliaun t ort tah} hornessed y Sm ecosgem, t e eneraeyo he pDolwtes. Thepnoeluey ínto Chemicoo Pme b energy Fheto SynHheis aEDO by 3. Energx Prou) is the onsfor. og ener Prwn dse taphit leeto 4e nex iophie (eel (T) nate foec) chafn in alle c o SR ms. 9+ slaTt Froern Prduress, Prejend CA he i t roophic eve and ends at ue y4 Ort s rophic T h e Flow ok p certni vo tes) 1oeL energy n he co Splem s vnicliheetimasde e e en erqy which s ooaefersycoHo he nex} Aoophfe level fs nevod avatabi-e Ab t e Otoonitn o he mrevlous opwt lee tophfe leve s csfo cfated with 4.The oons forc ob enereray at e (oSs o energy în e forih o tuy respratic or oAher mo Therma0 enerq mekuboti c oco ort heat eneroy es ot e Orqanfems amouo ot nerg' is los} do Hhe enviteomerfs S. Laws o Thertmodynamics The energ Ploud n 4he eco rptem aso ol kerhoby the law o thertmodynamic cuhfch arte applied to Sytems Prtinci pall be fret oar Seomd laud d-eremodynanmieg arte appiie4o t e oioshcouSSem explaineo n nera Hrangsfortmation în ecosystems an be erpa- etahon Ao hese two lawg o henmodynamics . 6.The energy to oam one doophic leee o Onolherg Foltous 4he lofo rue i c s Fortmuloteo Raymend Lindeman(tay2)) 2e at eath Socc essîve tevet o n l lofo enery oh t p r e v i o s p h f e 1eei Ts fryec ag orLentc - mattert kufro On Hba of tac|lasnt energ o enenda The dote hydodes ttbo Hduever Planis Con Convertt ctbool , into chemiou enenoe Prresentn Atee îne icleha Sunlight nc A Presend în A (ea Pfnatly embocied na featíery cons.merc au fourtk tsophfe evel ayabud O ool l7- Soursce) energ Solcu U2nd nTU 1St TU e n e r g n plonts> enor honbivore> 4) o) (t0o fe) (LHRTLAoo Corun 3rd TL erenya h catnine (0O1) Ehera mop Caunivoes 1)ode 3 o Energ flou în foS&Bern "e Flou oen er nepreenteo cliogroamotculhogh diBterent mcelets 4) Singte channel enerx Fod mode The fnan ece Syßtem can be împötetant medes a n e o ) YShoped or daube chonnet onery Ftod modes ane C)uníivercSa enerqy Fto0 model, uhi ch eure dico gaed belg (A)Sirge channet Eneray Floo modelo The Sinfe or (imeort channec.enera Fowmede n e ohHhFinst Pbiisheo modeis pioneerea b R Lincl*an ( u2)This modsedepics a nidiveckliona too ot ener Sngle channel ct proclue@%S to herbivones cend Carrni wrteR The enera Caphunec o auhotmfre (Picen4) coenot reworu hutk la to Solar inpA, J pOses 'on to 4Ue hexbi vovresLíke coise the energtyhith passe to he herbivores doos not go batk t AUe, auhorophs lou} paye to he COm SutnerS Ore 4nRs proe ConAinve upeto «}he Aop Carnivomes at the dop hrophie level DU o Cne-uCuy Thene lg a prsbarressive deercoem energy al each raphie leei cCuns due tp 1oss ok - nery as heat medaboPic ac{ui 4herîncludira repiari A snpie chonne medel os o p o R avrebeLo Accoselîng f s 1 9 , 4 7 2 2ou Cr Lir) eman hoa beep r e e n + n tue 4uis meole tkein Commîhey Solcu Radlation k ou} os calurch ) gou Ch/ts hay bee e c by Owo tsophs as D procutHds) OP i0el pmoducBionf Respsatin, Srog he olitionGy ob energ Ccpure auts autojauphs do be H Srow ofitieny°b 00 I 77 Only O1 Petent. o4e (1gcau me| & r eerera n e aatabte. ad l e avatable al aukoops leue, ny Ony Sgcoum (194 d6 avlotmophke_Gr) is tunsker Ho hethivones ke t h a Ped on awlo Arrvphs and 4he rest energy fs la e On r e pYreskon (R), deComposialon& Seneane nol C4~cc (NNu) . Sn ans tsy e Connfvores recelves niycaCm|r *nerg 26 1 ok hetbivoe Gp) Prum -he hekbi voes. - From tei's mode 4 Con oe fnfemred hat 0) MUch Morce eAergey s Peedey )much ONectbie on plonS) houn fort herdbivony(he slede sg heGThivureg3 Consvme s cordition ol enerey too auptophe is lõsA u o s pauhcsuy De rtespiakon, decomposAh?n ono no U i z e T h e r e is more elticent utti zouty on Ok e n e r g a f herdhive p - Conn. , drtuns Fer leuelhoun 4ha ot onsfos heaokvorre aupotrottp leel C) Shaped awOChannet Enera flow Model O n #S ye ob mode 0o-th a zînay an detitus Peoc ckKaîns orte shewn o egarcote encro FLouug thfs isa morre tealsATe and PoucHcoe workine mode a n 4 e Siret Channel model mainiu becauJe S tdotes to 4e beGfe Straified StruutAune e 2. Separrates {he two chons (grazng an ecotyen deftus) fn bolh times SPoLe The dtet Com Sumpficn otivo PlantS and deod ercpnic mattesare USualy Separrauked n ooth Hime and Space T h e macoo Con sUmerg anc micyo Consvmess 4ttere 9reodey SfzemeBaholî8)relcution 3 aro m the deekniqpes ríreo Foss Studyoem The a grazinn and deti tus Food Chatns Foo aten ou o are Tntert- connected moseoort not sazers are acctuauly ogsim lotdeo, mcre Scme (Pec confeánh mdigesteo hMatefel) )s die +e do e ANCo hedmovnt'ot enerax6 eitus padh uoou net prcolweion Ahat Fow dounO h e teus pathuuys vcurieg n tyement kfncds of eco SpemS ard bten n he Saude ecoyalem moY aLso vCer Seasorouy r annuall The eneray Fioo nceue ot haultoud ouakns & heavît gtaxeo Gr groUs land PosAuseS gho (arnger energ Frow via fhe orsaxing Fooc chon ehoin în a elelmius patnuduu n CCe ot the Frest, mourSh areOcean canecosystem enere PloLo s kighert houn thad ok gos land ltoyhem , CUnivorc Set Fner F1o Model The umfverr a enerr t lo w mocdel uwou ps poteo oyEP. OdUm ?n 1q8g. This modej s apfcolote do os Reo Cornponors, whAch mabe aplont, oncd duso 4o popu touio) Gtt Arophre e e Univerga enera ProO mecdel knoun to depic Qn imal, a a Srae Pood Chotn ort Hhe bioener ge4fcg enrme ecosem e Siemiftean4 mlmoongoni Specnes For uhfch This moclel ma Pis (o Ae Peouture ot Ahes modet arte ag ColtousS 1. he skoded boxeprO) enA*«S rvin Situekre og Silomaps Comrnent thtth nou arybe meas ura og Poesh wgh oy day ueght Xprv}sal nAerng o oucocies,o Ahak is rtetouhor with rates o Flou Can be 3. the Energ SAabished Apae energa fn pOA btt [hao ort înae Stion o teprejente b aundb Aanp hs th Ç Tray e and Osn meMerc ey hdtexo {rp He prod ucfi (P) Cna Respi beutHon 3. The C&Simi laked enerp 0) fs seRanade înto ag heat and P is 4ha (R) Commponen}SS RiS h e eneray hat fs 1o pertuTon TTans totmeetien ed partt avechcbie to he dikterens oraonie nexA ophic level to ne u. The rtoto o t r ' and 'R c e . biomos E't excrretec eneruy{ and 9 Faut. .The non -as.Simi lated on noy Aize dekdos fooecd chein a a hie to tUenex4 Asepic eneertg had î SA aveflcbe enterg ene G SAooge Fopm oFeneray e No Compo nent S h level urte at Ahe Same trophioleeL Decomposi4io) DecompoSTHion Decompo gf hion S AuToTRo PHS hrto SS (ocucHoy grocu h ort adldiHian Comprnent (u) Soch a e h o is P Comporent i Hhe Energy he `olart rtaoBation aNorsthe ehticency oh assinilckior whith vardes Psduettom p' koa ree Oraponeoig e e maueK (toare) Herchi vorneg Casni veTes No GPl30 GP 111 Not u4ilizad 0 ResprsetTon uS lot uti Itked Fo-o Hit zo 12 Respizadion Respiadha Resphotio9 33.0 Diooroo oh a Sfrgte channeo oneroyFlo ecothern. vcuuespreyenkcdîh gcu m mocle og a feh tsatex (loue d , GP: roos Procuchon a i grtaz in Food chain Snight Plonts DC Detaitus food chay YShaped enengyFlod Mooel (H henblvornes, Dc: clenditus ConSunerS and Pr Predktos s) S P A E B R Civercsat Enera Flow Moet I ngua orc ingeH e g Nu Mont us AaSinijad nara P Procuckon S= Bio mess = dth E topenera x Cred = nera Ftroducti Ono PoodutHvilA P Yn prroducion - ProducHion is the enerq-heu ic adldeo Ho Hne bolies motHer t Orteanisms intho Pertmot biomouss. 9 mcbe ole re a He ergan fe ot accimUcuto mhe livirgya Orcgenims like plants cr anîmo. he POTTtion o' Axe eneropythout toophic level poss es on 4o Hhe ney4 dsophiteeis ouso coteo PovAucTUn. occuction Sot tuoo tyres Ca) Prhmora poedueRon8 PreimCuRLy Prroduetiog TS-e sinthesie o new ortapn ic MOHeicd tik e casdbo hydrate - reen Poms PSm 1noroenfe molecuies Sueh a Cotes aund co s doninut toy reen ptanasdhenbbe ProceK ol photo n ejis uhich roops Soloureneray to SynthesLed nganfe motecele Such os tucose andruJCAose tuheh Stoseg chémic&c Cer Thus n Primary psoduekas orOenic maiked sQtUmulouo is Prooluer9 oranie materc enexely Areye enerrgm n gm ) Secondoruy produchon Secondaruy proowchon geon plants o Calosies Cms is the biomagOot hetero pnie (oncime) aganems - m genevaHion O îna SgtEm. This tsiven by-a femg tes © Omi mltema oetuueen toephfc evegand repsoyenBs the quandi t hetd icSUeg crccated thoDUh 4ue use og qimiladedFooe Orccontgrq rePonde fusCoCtmocuy Poodwe tion Tnctvde anîmoue psHshs, Fong? ano man bate-sd . Secmdcunu Prclue4idn) eh be esimad ed m tertms og enerrg Coderel Atoberenh in oru duy d'senic metex m9 m mtug a nenber el method fnewelir thernemenk Sommalion, reAhovet sumetfey efe Prodwctivity 9t is Hhe ftate at w hich eneraey fs odolc to the bodies o OrcanimS in Ane Form e produdion og biomaes Sorefac e oh mess Per onft biomass. PsodwetAUtY re kens to te rate o în 94 0is USaly ex eded în nids erosstem volume) perr i 4fme 0 fos in stance gTams an (or per Sqpane meer peI day( gm2d1) or per a yeart Oc energy n caLowfes Cm kt. The mags nt m eiece Ho do dry maler ori to 4he mass ot - Courcoen enedotec tlence Psocluctlurtx c di biement ecossems con be easiw CamgorredSn a SPmplers cocu podtchVity is knsen ag Ysi A Jhe Tate c Proeduchv s o tuoo types - ) Prina green wa ProducAverts The rate at whfch enerra accemvlotes fn he paimary Psodwctvity OnaSimplex p3oclweeres fs kroun plunds r pocwchin Podvetividy ot the aUto Bophs Cculec imary PouCHvity -rictite Prímay produ ctivity ho two pcs, 2e gro prînarY pocductiviy anc) net Pamou ) PduetiVig Gvcose Poimoy Productiuid GrP) The-tolal Solcurc eneraoap pco grtee panistn Hhe fao o orrgpmfc mcutenag per un arn ea per 4fme by PhotoSynthestc is relhereo to ag gsogs ibnouty poducvity(iPP) - bxooler , aoni dosobe amotnt ot r e s pofmcury ProeucHa1yi* otivis in norcmo respiatioy ond photo riespiieuion o6 1rebo Pants l e t pimouruy Pooduehivity (NPP)The amount onerg-boundled orconie mastert accomuicted per ohit esprodicon s net Prsimaruu Thus CUrCo an tni ARne kat PsoduckiVity (MPp) tett ahler Alel p i m a y producHvi-ty P P ) = rsos pimayproelecfivi}y (a PP) - )Secordaru Pouolu CtiviH The energ testin tedpincutianR) trade at ahfch Hhe hetero ophfe oraonisms iomass nefic b oclfes 1s CallSecendauy podueAvituf. - 9n Smler cuoy, the odvctivit ob heAexvtsophs caueal Secenclaty Produchviy Here 4he neA Primart mcttctivity (Pp) tesuls n the acumvdhcn a actumu l t e Plant biomass, which SeteoS he foob Cohich orQ Converttcd do herbivones in tbe SeomarProduChvihy Fattore abeufog Paclv c{V Solaz roidtion and Aempesatienuve nd decomposeis pihoruy CrSLTmers he procducess Pho fo unthef 4fc CapaLity Ob ITON PInts, . mofcAure Content ob Coñfiuctuatin ob PrecipiAokiey and drenSpoh ttranspieAion Mmiheneu Contend ok -e Cof|, hea mauy, PYte ane Atpo melabp(f Biohc actvitter, tixe g ooxng above gono herbvores, betouo ground diseoso 6 Pîrouty prDolueese. voTeg, predadss, Para Stes an 6 Smpauk 9rmpatk henmaun papuladfon, +onizîrceciotonm S , Cuem explosion-etc. The rrato betueen te ener Eco logi co Efeicieny tbe. eneroy aSîmilato der level s îs Caul-eo g avaf\otbte betuoen fcuo tooo phm ogt aueksit+eny . coleg iccu obhl ciencheg mey be delfira aha atio bekubon ener A diteren4 toophic at eel S dono te food) Choír R¥pOge ag percentaaes EBticency 4he natio of use (» ouipor e energw in rmetcHion do înput. o s First Studieol Lindeman ((qu2) eho cued i t ag poogqsox btciency, AndaLsone Ptut measurao ue se4ia oL Goo psoelUCtf viay fonuhoe anîmau sphi 1ee. For 4his téaaon dO ecologioy Oftitheny0 Ts otten ccuULLindemcon!s ebfici entyfancl auso frophic levet enerqy fnke 651C Ency) anc Sme tfmes Arensfes etticleny is uf ar/ and mere 6enGsimi tedin hrenty