Microbial Genomics Learning Materials

AlCrobi gomeo Un4-J) RO DUCTON roco. Yan mpendand-feateve. of tivirg ongeniEr, Doring AoDeON an onderdy iherease oal| celloart Congtio ents 8cc reso14ng î an hcrease h due ncoy o eerell. There are a, numben eor Clic. mioro oraantms" mine ase te írt no, and poplatin i b a orcomidia ete hary fs i), evelolny )dsetmendodim,Spre e e o Grocotba iymighce populodioo na Unice tlut CR Co4eoT doseo 9ysterm ealnors mce a d J e no repleihment Sli nl f nutmene n t e medicm ane beaimive oke qoa Monauxíc hrook Normat hvoR) a e culdume Te nadme o bocderia qa cotture o u m Te odee ob svuHae oropunsm coh rel oct o) to 4re is Stuol)ed inabotel anal Hea y cwey chu oledh n ne +me.soxrtoe ndnen af te beginnig n clesed ytem, 0The qsoot huk beech culJre dhods feer Seps. cilfchcan be Seen md. g r r . Cunve The fourHepI arco Log pha, Log flhogeexponmentiae pae n) yatimary Phase decine pdoy. OLae phaue: Tic fa a oreparnadoruy períod fort l e n 4or Simteiz ceuoor Constidueis -for reProoluion. Thcre {orte m 4is phoge +eeir sn fneriecde n t e . numberc o ce1S. TUNe enagnibms arne physio (ogicodi T aetie Gne dolapt to 4lhe enuron ment. duraten ok 0e lag phale Narue depenoli°yOn-e S t q . envfron-menka Condliion Jua leue ooulernial cetl @reefr. previous gro4e CondiHons. dMdhoy.Te Le phoye Once Jhe la phase y overt taeceus ount ane Odervb diides ay biîhary hsien Cettlarmele%othe Th cells n e . melabolic. actity Ard. numberts afserr ou genevadiom Cune Tae Cell numberc mereageg expnentieuly onolHe 7oyb, betueen 4ne and log of e n0 og Keus loeComog a Stsoiglrt lihe. madhemtfeall) 'caKpe reoreJentod NE No a" as uborce Nli y-a nrmberr ok mipcnebo a dme t No t e nmbert ob microbg at Akm to o y e no. oenesouion A CeNB hepeapy calld xponeniae becao ReN0 Cpfl-eo (oo oue u fn a n erprnontta fmethon o 2 locpuriitm of ke hackerricie man hereayes leany wits 4fMe StationourfhJO YYYY ) Erpenentiae picge. cont Continve pecause fndePinide e Ecsenia nuBnents me med im qet e xhauleol cHoxic nmeiabolitio h4e aenvfron ment orHee meatím g a caifca euce ok oruledion conetiten moy be.ahiono e s e foctAare (ead to deireae h populaicn goba eno tee qocon numbert d Cuove becomee horfzomdla Adthfs SHeae oomeeo by no Chone, nrobort h t cel no o or ceus e a h tme e, af fremeeM e ponati n ahiek EI1S cetis Parmed Sooma Mno arCAU PopUlatiom awn Spore. +ertm rq phose ard laleriaa produre endos pores tina e e heip Joen boegerna begm to gen exase. ubston pathogenie Curvie, hanh COnditfons an A s nutriende beconme 1ex b a num bercok dyih ceL 9n e deoda- ploe, J e aNaalole ano c0os Be. prodwets meneaje Cmdnueg to rúse. o V expemenees no. CelLe deoreaes ex penen4ioutuy deame. As-de ShatP arepopulofio) qocol -ke.spI Jeht Conterds hto e A S dyy ces ydeot loreak open, nutment aletlalole to olert bartema. e ment Jej uuiry enuiro @ma to SurVie de en ouge TUARg he Ps Spore procldchay bout a cdort Sporoe prodvcAio). ( to S r i e Ho harngk Con di4hong oh e deode. Sameg a r t e f a l Dakena e n plar ef hoin pye ano be come s d pponk liJe envsrenment e erufrerne slahororup ERRmentey proBe ( DecP p l e e Tine robo-l Gurve th tek Monayxic Coldme) Crsoo4 Cuye CCkaple-)19 (Virus) >"Louls asome ua Coined e torm viruse' &he iryt d emanStronteo/ h o t viral diseale ike rabiog Adolf mayeydiscoveneo e DS.Tw ncogk oto bareo. mogic diteode a tbo(Co was f i t oliscovvere het Tmv ousin m . Beijey inck"estabiished t a t P'D lifesate onhy h moCic dißeaJe vì rese i ke Tmu Can Tepii catenr g3oiih plant Ce. w.m Stenley sey fhrst olated 4 cny Sallizee/ TM V. uy finctng provey eUnon - living natere o 'vinuge, SHondey knoun a ates o virfogy Bowden & pircie ane firgt 2Stobiisheed a t vitos3 are nucleopmth partty , nenea ChareteoTS1icsvuws C Jviruseg are acetlular ano can easil be cyshaNi z2o. They aru tramîesoScophc arfiHescbie throug, beueria di1ter. V i r e ane obigate îhtoa Cellvart pirasites a n nfct au a mayort bioleqicalsoups animou plants anq baltesia. v e g arnn hast &peifre i e aspecific virus in feut a Speipie host Padh virus feuticte on virion y S nucleoPoo tein în natue. 6Nuueic aid ý elher DNA Sr RNA h t nof He bojh asm any ceu. Thoy us-e onmes a n ofter mohih esy oh Aot Cet| for nepîcatin Qn pvteih Sbes, 8 Tvey on deiJanoe to Comical Chano3. Tey one Vlohotspnel Onvirn nmenka eayily hanmiHeol frum în feued hot do healh One theogh v'ettoxJ Like hseete, nemqdodeg ec. vrusey hal kin teir ost ane catle Virulent ane o s e do not oajeoctu3 kiu einhots Modeg cte ituSpor all eo Hemeate o n Casid cafhen) lasicotion ireuia (BoLtimose o.Claitîcatfoon o o SHem fath Dawid Bal4hmo ne, Po4 In 1991. tlassiticoutîm BalHimoe vTw knoun outimore claificetioy y a claxititcutiO)ya ttarHea) depenaliho into One o&even gocoups H E ) h o t plae virwses nucleit oagidDNA O Ra), Stoanoled Crmbinaution o e i a no (sle or double Stoano.eo, ence &mehod ok} Con be rosey plareo T one ob Leven dollecoing yovups (Doubie SHronoles DNA NIhus) Poxvirw Ex: Adenovirugea Hen p-e) vinug, UP ) rup-1 Parvo Sgbe Srsonded ONA vinos ) te Sente) v}rue (Doubte &troonde RNA vit rcou ) ExResvirnovse3 qroup-:+) & RNA ines) Pico TEN viw ses, Togavin. Ex Gnevp EX, s()esRNA iose) oRehomyx o viruseg, Rhabdo virus-ej RNA R1 vinus-e meoli acteo m9fe CyeRe apoup Sense RNA to DNA ihter - FX'.Retrovinusog. ds DalARYEsviey diHer, RNA Eameothee. neup Ex. Aepaelnavinwse lenovírug, Pon vírg prrwo vírs Reo ninuS APRT T o qo Virue Rhebdo virus RaFro yirorY jeet biguo@ Geg epodn9 v ob Genegae troetune o viruses ovinus) Componens o vlRug Hwkre, (Cnemtny Mantytwomajor COmpnent anafoune n a viru hoy a r e () CapSiq ) 4e Capßide Nutefe aiol ano prejene oAhineo Compnent Vcoverthoy y fono Some vireses ht no ail. tie envelop a n e fano) He virs, celo e Capsio e quclec oejd and Ity ca.eo as a virúon Cay Capsio noci-eic e pootein coat o r hett culich enctoses 2O T e Copsio Coneins ony Bimilau pootem unis e aid. (ot mon omerg), eath one knon ag copSomee, molecu1 amociatim ooi4h o eio poodem an CopSomere Eobh Ctntture but auso ane not ml identi co0 AH ege sDteTn cmi amihoUatidtforming hortk Chon opol Conteun &imilar &equence o R. Peptrdeg. penfotem moiniy two and icali log 9 Tte oupsid o a v i r y uySionuClefcaid foom te odverge eßfout-ok virot raoet Je Jenttions is host and allo help t e vius n ruecoqnisi 2ing envirm ment ano cwell og ren erofÝn Cnfale chost as ine to atHouth ment 3Nueleo(apsiq. oleo atf hocleic Je coh The Capsie hent b) Nuciefc aid yltuute) DNA ane or &petifre entities RAA bot neveT boh oulich Coe ine oniy tmiine oleoT Prio me -or Graanbm. Tto nociefe aucle itovqen Cytosine Conderire, The RNA howe oir notema0 baye a n o - e y ane eOmpesiion, Lunkeod ag Uvel b type o c nuc-eSc ajol ec eu kanye tic mica ondosning q pentose gort fuesptieer bm in RNA and D and urtaiI< ane founo quhnine, Adenine, Cytocine, ndenine, goanineTymine toom virus to Virus nuaefe aeie f e e &tpandeolnegs &toandecConli1Fen în Singte, eiloy are oono Ono DNA DNA n Som e Conaihe whene ag Sane dobte_Srnde Oddavbte &4roanaled RN Coe a definite flaue r'n 4e prlen ocCupig h e n u C e l c acid a l t l inkeger, hyloag e) attathed to 4 hrougs Pnially One Ond'oe ketn fraY Kin keo bnd vittal e nuCIeic atfd onder o to f e has t e eu ag inlectruho Cni+ bot na +e capsid n mos Caye vira pruterh Te vi ral nucClefc adid Cmeims he Codes fo r_ 14 entes te host Ceu. altes ony Ruprlhesized Ocbach ane (Eoetopeo Y many a oraoteih tauy er tui n embedol eo Proting in-epophoRipi Lilayegs. Some Spike gike, RArzuctumes Comfos eo ycopmtis Oune fanol HeQ enelope obich heip m hmagalutinaian oLettvies. Since envelope y Jiexible, ue enve loped virug donoff xhi'bi4 a fixe chope ansl Size anel are called as Pleomorphie. The enveto pes &oma-+ime anisez rom Le nuceart ofl plajmA manmbn-e d te hasf cel1. P e n Componets o e mixeo origin cotth has envelepe ane po}ems dk vinock onigin o r Saone enyme k e PNIACge, reverrie oansenipoche. m rretoovirwses, Proolem Kinase dependent RNA Rolmaraga n envelope. They hejp m vira henp nrs, DNA Poxviru3 an fand fh-le epliotim methang enwloped pesente viru Caue ag envelope ca vinus CouLeas ntked vires. viws and tkon + is absoef Ala ked virus dee naf mean jte lach h{ capsido 9 ( moLpheleay ovul ee Cap&id gis le morpholoq1c anurorgement Capomene h t dortming nopextote iruse hree has de oefollowinp virus &trwcture o 7 y n oc knousn hat e The a basic Sqmnetries a PopoSed by Goodheovt Tey maybe ah (o) cobicat Synmehry on b) eaicot Spnehy O Smetriy a Cubic Symnelt Comple 9uati&phencat, foefoat ert Mraspeu hey aure alo Knoun a spherial call icocahectsal virses. POyhedral meang mocn Sidod ktrucAne ewie icCoCa hedsal, nean Cuscol metny and) eeur befag icolah eqal n 9hape. Vrute rangas -rom a5-30nm th Small Vitrtws The fhametex of e anoTo-loonm h lange replor iCoSahecton virUsa, 0 hai l2 verctice ao focej on o ego) Po1io 7 Many o e viruse 2ike herpe3 vizus,adenovruS, Pslyoma virwe, vinus ave jcalcehecloal Stouctse.capsid A A Spi ne O Fnvelef 9 NoCIere alid ceschectroa! S,mmeh ACe Naked fcasakadsea CEnvelepd reacaheo/ral ymmetries. ( Heiee Smmetory kneun ag elomgote Viruse. Vhese viueeg ane ako (toe 12sonm) They are. moTe. h tepethand les moiameex (to-25 om). w o viruse&hoo Slairc Cobe k e ert Scre t e CorSomeseg afving Dhetic a heooul aPPearTance Xike arunargemen . arndnement octurs areenon moanor rdedBonaR arig Maihewsfound Tvotyres heicnd viruse- Rigio roe Sapeo Viros 2e h e halica TMV, TRV Ono Hexible ralk e Ralato vYtos XG. Copsid may be nak-eor vwmoleo by an enveloped. RNA -Capsid AAAAA RNA CoPlomer Hex 8ccoco 4kicoe Smyehy Enve loped eticou laka virs Virus Ahetio Vi'Tg Con flex Smetoy 8 This gpoups o vitueUexhilbi Comgl ex ort Cexcloh qnmedry Symmerly tr& Combmbiom cubica d heti ca an GTdmefry. un They Can be oevidey into two oroupg- Cubiau Symmetry O wih Combinafi Ond keiioal Symmedry ang-ka olaspike fox vi rus which does not exbi Cosie a ne C1éhrt donfifia.bi,ble Themixed gmmdrg forro n baderiorh T tulose heod kag a ge lcoSabhedoat. Stvctre wiH 4e tod Dike Jai9. Cos}ai ning o tobe hoj)ow Sos T0mde byheicol. Coptoac ti e Upoki Sheath (e) Bcslesiopqe Pox vius Repicabico vius ,Repiication oviruse rreferg do Viro e dormaticp gencme an fbrmochon oneuo Virtusegok capieg of e hoiofe O host cen alles 4ee hfeuh proce. Adesrtion peneledien Enfuy 4o He atnCoecding Replicn idn avinou 7ename semity mobantien kotease Los4 ce4 ( Adsorptiop o Aachmeetvirot 94 4e able to Sty firu Sfep fo rteplioticm n e OctHatkh to Le -arget ultth Ae virus bermer ofL CortreA ceu. peasive racex and doe) not ruir onerg' em e Speif Poofeie d vina& Copsid Ooly recogoise He Celylar Serc-far e to-e re ceptors andee vircus qe4s Valaked oncdormbe Surtfateote cet. T T i The Cenokrc. Rorefare receptor. ntiuele pafeins, d Hes, 9lycopootin e , ipids Canb1hyd ete Herfkuttort. Hal auo infuenc e dee. epPicient of viroe aflauhmert nClude densihy o Hte recepter3 poebent on B s t (e) Kreere qensity o te ) qgno) nTe vinae &un-fare n c en trgatim, ump PH oLe vi rus& 4o ho cel Peneatio O Endrhdo e hesd ell MHerc. atHothment, Jeirus mutt entes Ceus CroSsing -ee Cel1 membmn m Soch a sy Hhot 4he tety.ý neiJhor kil eo nerleV viral gencme ydishorbe e v i r a L entry hreougt-e cell memboane Can Occur trsoog pathecneys fer ene toped an) ney envelope vito 7Erve tope vinuSes canketn a Lipid bilayere envelopeo eohch SUadounols TC'nuCles (opsic Those Virseg enden by eites o1ganemeofiafeo fusim dn b recephorc, meol iatel CndocfoBic ent. igpne meoliouk kusiom - e virra ligond rafo enCellulan tce cephens err meoliddes yue psion erent . The virug aliaad toke plosmamembrane. ocel & hsn fakaspnte botueeo Hle virals cenutar Menbrones. The nucleo CopSid ý eloas ey hside te Cel| . The Demanirg viral e omong ag a podch on-ke Cetlolan Mem brane. lope -He reteptor fmeofade endotiyfosS, J e detHaekment o e virtus octery -e plogmamenbpane. ofe.Cel| anc e Cef cagul/s e enie irtus, ftrconr gne an endo Cfofit. woSitle. Ths enolo ty to4c vesicte fuse o f e 'yseseme haviny atidic ft. n e acidre plt Conferero Hemot Chorgo thJee virtat envetope pmiehg freili taks fision of e ond ni rral membrane cOr 4e. _Onclocy-rs, embene viroe m nu (tee Gagside gels nereajeof rto le yhepdan OnCoadhg 6 oto TRs Stee referi-to le removae on degneclaticn o e copSid SMS Uncoat ihey may ottuy cluviy te penetbation Procem o mayoe ocds Completety fHer. Pen etoatio) n See caje Hlere- no desooktion ofte Copsid a Capsiel povteihs flay Sem ole m vinat Anan cni pi o) DeplicaHon- S49fme at el He Rala inujeg ano h te Cyto plasM olere a e ë DNA vnus a replicate m fue nuClei M 9 most neplieate eukotuotico Cell Replicatim oira gengme 9 erc 4the viro qoncme hag been Uncocdeo, ronSealptten ou onerolothon of4ue Vinea qenom e ynitiates yHafs Stecese ovina 'ropii cotion Jhat dibere 9eott betueen Dn/A &RN oppasiKnucleic aci) polanitj O n vinujeg anel vinuseg wita DNA Virs he sengcni ptiom&toanu (aHon ane a f Covpleol. Tcecnsciption ccCUrS 4 e OCtUS h e evend3 ane 4 U RNA virus host ce. yto fla JM e xtept Cytop(abmic trepticotion nucieus anooanllatten forr Pox ViLUGe) bu4, ClUTS m A oplamie dk e B a Te DNA & RAIA vinuos May Smeke or Aouhte Jtranole Thás Poocey Cu|m înodey lnte e nowynlesiS o viras Ps0ehg ane 9enome. Asonbty After de &sn-lhakTS o ViRO nome ano pr 4ehs, chhch Con be rost AoargcrupHomalm moodfi,vira paotem are pak ed eoi Hh nels icafeovinaldnome into nexo virus hot a n ready fon meleoye, from novo hest pey 1 s s pan cer an ako Cole to as Maturatien e 30 Matrnti9 ang rer eogE 6) bud-liNg tb ViRcu e e a y e , Iyi TLee ane tuwo motuodg age typeso reso113 nAe death o an hfesBeo host cell) orz y8is (ytoltr. to s ViTzus eane efeSTe fx Sall PoX in fw on xa 4 vinu, a e yPco povceN Had cel| by budolîing. 4y t hst tee tsem eaje rel phosphoii pio envelope tcesu+ h He atqyisition o te4e vina - e nfected cell and ane hese virug dnof ka usvely kfoe Envelo peo viruse), Such Gs tpes -etee ay topeu{uic Aftert viruon ruleose ce membscne, hest virvsof. proleme Some viroul potenkio Hortqots for culTChaet- ag a veMUe r r co lo4itrq anti bocl'i eg. NucCteuj nolo Cyti virug Nucleicould vinese - estcev remam wH n e Infu enxa ) The ceu enguls vira Conlen nfuenza virus beCome attaihestoa are ndeoJe virra RAIA enfos enotytoSiT . anoet ePitheiîadteu. penefretBen e n u C e u s utherei pCne ReptrcaPe b hevina RNA Polymaras (CmcatyA) Mew viral peaticteg arenmade relesed nts e Ta Cey, eultch Proce, y exuewlourr not kile virai mRA ttuio in Cgmdlnve) to mouke neo Viruw. McutUrdSTn and . sed tu v inal Pnotens Replioeh oukeriopege 9 viruseg whch betteuophagg bectercio ptoey Parasiteg ane on halttru o an Colle ya type o virus, tlat ateccky om bot tesial. 94 ujey Jle bauttenato hefioduce 1tselk Bt4erio ploe,e3 tsoruK by hjeiinay Aefr oun DNA Mto batteria Cells. e L use e bloleeoe machineny oh Je bouterio to fep-yee ,ancl many more. virusd oune Cneates beJ Baiteoio pkagey cuene jeihdly dsccvenee F. Twort a n F . e e l e . F. YHenene oeo r ,7 baeperioplloges. boeteriophooe yComgtee n six slers Such ag? attaeh ment penefoetim, 4roenicaibtio, bie Siyn-}e, maclusatioy & losy ysfs tuy adteeheo to -Ht Suifecee 04e boccterieecey &en inj-eet is DnIA nto beltcaîa cI Jen drantriphon gcuy e - c hos eaL DNA deg taded o lcey mcletoelny dieeteol Te psR DAIA repti cote hide Jle DatA CI Senlteg iZing aneco plee DnIA &ppotcin. The replicoted materiat assemble hto afly torme vira phages Then Rily dermee vinal Phage ane KeLeaeou Sicle frtm ee, fnfectto ce to Seek out toneo host (ei infeof. AT Baeteriophae width afyowrimately do0 nm leng ang so /00nm T e body of i batterfophagoy mahy HhgoltR into o heat hen and taii join e Meo:he heoola a collarn hegion. uosaheorsel CapSio mosle p ol Capsomernex Compoed o Poens Side The head hes ap ano t OncLoSe}he dg oneao DNA genome The etimonsion o e 94 Conhans (5oo head y 19sx86oA roeîh b umit. Teu A a ho||oo tube eike tube eike Sitwcture .The toie y Sheodth eohich Comroaets during infenction. Sorrounted by Cont oaltile T e He hada bog e flode cwhich y hexegonco ooit 6{ais. fiberg YY Odtahed neto eaeh o CorcneT. The. heoc and Jue tei ane Joina by a Coller rugion. Thetaig plate. hag tali pins as eaehcorner The Heci Pins Sorfeee o Jaft di bens hetyp hatlachment c t e phaq to a e ho5battmum. T e locio y lo0o A loRo ano oA Aene des. genamic huClerc aud e ioSahedpa0 heool Ty latesioptoge onlams ads DNA 9ty cubou4 t69 bp long an Etoeencocle3 989 Povterh. 8 4RNA geneg, moe Hhen o qenes howe been chameeter iStzed b u onl Ba gnes a n e esentiot. T h e nvaerc afeN condering Some. onu SvaR ort Mocified boyc utPe hap to P tect e huctefe aid fam break decn y )hege o ettieicafin bactes fophoag mul4iplicthi on Oturd has t- nuciesUe). htoo a0ayg Olytic c PySognic yue . Colla CoTte, shealh Bagef l a e a tiber Stwetene o ouferioptoge E) by 25re eyec y exhibited and kit t e battesial dt mutti plr virvlent phoge celufeh baiteritcn by lysls phay e comeg genome ile e n aterue entry of vira anefevne ether ihside 00Inetiaug p a fruntictes beuterial tell. 0 plhaqes u s emtiaveg tí L e moturesl y knoung eciPSe peruoe Hsa h ana penioe Mu4iplicodBom oviRot or e reeaso qenoroe, p`cd oufde Himè Hhe bou pertiod >ymel ° vi rao Poofen n t , t i r . asembiy ans Mcdurafidn -Jee po ceu takey aer entering 4ha retoric The ptcq nuctefe au o en te host Cel] bioSynHet. mathinang. Avi1iS.eg fu hoat enzme rubaSome tc.for {e Syri s 6oun mRlARano footeihs. he bio Snles7s is requoded in c e Pane f j e mRNA Progeveton foltpte h Eoru hos e he a Phase ogrov kh pPso dvctie), hehay ane ) he enume modi Ay te. JeSt 0NA Reeliaien by RN petymourag e T virus chongeg Jhe igomn fu tor tthe hos gotac e alze e poodu eg ag p host PoomoJeryO ane not rulog nizd Ty Middie, proteis . CO idpue phoeSoeshs Lte pha3 e 9 4oi NucLefe. virus nucleic. aioJakey plaue he giruwcduro poodefo orc e bens ane roien, retateo| 4 oidg3 y e n poatuen e i a r e Syndhesiaa *n g hole te hea aold ooto 4Ae heao- The asembly PP rnatin Comte te phg L n eRis qno heac ane -dei pantickk. reteaophaseAe an en Joi rejul4 îo 4e battexiaa yes due Jo an reKseol lo }t meum9 a o Suoppestecn phogeenAyme weaken baider1a tey wall Te nor o forutictes neeajed pennfuteoattera cen nesny l ooo. 3geois b shouo 91yanolberc euay oMUIHiplicadton onol a nop-Virutent batteriophoqe anelambdo plea n 4ese Hupe o Qn Conting multiplicoton,t sto give kust te and epseluce y nct lyse9uick aj us ve o fe backriat, host. 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