Reference Words Reference Words: • Words that refer back or forward to ideas in the stimulus without explicitly naming the idea. • These words are used frequently Reference Words This/That/Those/These It They/Their/Them One/Ones Former/Latter Examples of how these words work: Opponents of solar power argue that the high cost of technology makes solar a nonfeasible solution on a large scale basis, especially in rural areas where the power grid is very widely distributed. But this is not true, because in Germany - one of the world's leaders in solar energy production - some of the largest solar arrays are built in rural areas. • This refers back to - the high cost of technology makes a solar a non-feasible solution on a large scale basis. Those students who have exceeded the academic standards in our school will be honored at a ceremony next month • Those students - refers to the students who have exceeded the academic standards in our school, and who will be honored at a ceremony next month. • In many instances reference words are attached directly to the concept This morning's meeting went over the allotted time, and, as a result, the project was unable to be completed on time. standards in our school, and who will be honored at a ceremony next month. • In many instances reference words are attached directly to the concept This morning's meeting went over the allotted time, and, as a result, the project was unable to be completed on time. • This refers directly to the morning's meeting. • This is a standard and non-notable. • You are looking for reference words that are not directly attached to an idea, and instead seem to be on their own Reference Substitution: • Substituting synonymous or similar phrases to refer to an entire concept Example of Reference Substitution: A region in West Africa known for gold deposits has seen increased international investment in recent years. Gold mines in this area have quadrupled in recent years, leading to both increased economic opportunities but also infrastructure challenges such as higher demand for power and water. • This area - refers to a region in West Africa known for gold deposits. ○ The term being substituted is area for region.