SNC2D Grade 10 Science Exam

SNC2D Grade 10 Science Exam Biology Plant and Animal Cells Prokaryotes: No nucleus or other membrane Eukaryotes: has a nucleus and other organelles Plant cells have cell wall and chloroplast while animals cells don’t Organelles Cytoplasm: suspends organelles in cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials throughout the cell Nucleus: stores genetic data and performing mitosis Mitochondria: converts glucose with oxygen to make energy for cell Cell membrane: support cell and allow diffusion Chloroplast: absorbs light and converts it to energy Golgi Bodies: collects and removes materials from cell Vacuoles: isolating and removing waste in cell and maintaining pressure Mitosis: IPMAT Chromatid: 2 identical strands of DNA that make up the chromosome Centromere: structure that holds the chromatid together as chromosomes Importance of cell division: As a cell grows, the surface area to volume ratio declines, which means the cell won't have enough room to absorb all the nutrients needed to support its organelles and functions. Cancer: caused by mutation in cells Carcinogens: factors that increase the risk of cancer Benign: tumor that is not harmful Malignant: tumor that is harmful Ways of detecting: pap, psa, breast self exam Treatment: Chemo, Radio, surgery Stem Cells: Cells that are able to divide into any type of cell by turning on some of the DNA to allow some functions Umbilical cord excellent source for stem cells that can only make blood (specialized stem cells) cells>tissues>organs>organ systems Organ: obtain O2, get nutrients, make waste, adapt, repair, grow, change Tissues Epithelial: skin, lining of digestive system -thinly packed cells Connective: bone, tendons, blood -various cells and fibers held together by a single organ Muscle: muscles, heart, digestive muscles -expand and contract on demand to create movement Nervous: brain, nervous system -long thin cells that convey electric currents to control body Digestive System Digestive Tract: mouth>esophagus>S intestines>L intestines>rectum>anus -covered in epithelial tissues for smoothness Goblet cells: produce mucus to protect from acids Mouth: breaks down food Esophagus: travels down through smooth muscles: peristalsis Stomach: churns food with enzymes to digest food Small intestine: smooth muscles bring nutrients into blood vessels Big Intestine: food left to dry Liver: produces enzymes for digestion -Gall bladder: produces bile to kill fat Pancreas: produces insulin to control blood sugars Circulatory System Blood, Heart, Blood vessels -move nutrients, move oxygen, carry waste, temperature, wbc movement Blood RBC: Erythrocytes: 50% of blood -contains hemoglobin that transports oxygen throughout the body. from marrow WBC: less than 1%, fights infections by S&D methods -Destroys or asks antibodies to attack them Platelets: keeps blood from clotting. Ruptures to heal Plasma: 50% of blood, protein rich fluid to carry cells. Heart: responsible for pumping blood around body Cardiac Muscle: only in heart that moves at the same time Nerve Tissue: controls beating frequency Connective Tissue: protect heart from friction, collision. made of epithelial tissue Blood Vessels Arteries: carries blood under high pressure with thick walls Veins: carries blood under low pressure in thin walls. Valves are used to suspend blood Capillaries: cell size width, carries oxygen and diffusion at this level Diseases Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Attack Respiratory System Gas Exchange: gas is transferred through diffusion into blood through capillaries. Diseases: Tuberculosis: bacteria infection -Cancer: tumor in lung blocking air flow Musculoskeletal System: supports body and movement, protection Bone: hard dense matrix of Ca, P, and collagen protein. Marrow inside to make blood Ligament: bonds bone to bone. Soft elastic collagen Cartilage: provides lubrication between disks Muscle: cells contract in long fibers to provide movement. -Skeletal muscle: voluntary movement -smooth muscle: involuntary movement Tendons; bone to muscle, less elastic. Diseases: Osteoporosis: loss of Ca in bone, making fragile -Accidents Nerve System Nerve cells Dedicated network to allow messages to pass through and enable interactions Central nervous system: nerve, brain, spinal cord Peripheral Nervous SystemL nerves that carry the signal throughout the body Neurons: cells which conduct messages using electric currents Disease: Multiple Sclerosis: myelin sheath falling off -Physical trama Plants -Green outside -Exchanges gases -Require internal nutrient transportation Hierarchy: root and shoot system Dermal Tissue: outer surfaces Vascular tissue: transportation Ground tissue: all others Shoot system: conducts photosynthesis and produces flowers Root System: segment that primarily grows underground Light energy+CO2+water -> glucose+oxygen through chlorophyll Energy is stored as starch, less soluble in water. It is the converted back to glucose for consumption Leaves: support, attraction, reproduction Meristematic Cells: undifferentiated cells for plants Epidermal tissue: flat tissues on the outer surface of plants Periderm tissues: tissues on surface of barks Apical Meristems: stem cells at the tops of the plant to allow it to grow taller Lateral meristems: steps at the side of the bark areas to make the plant grow wider Water>root hairs>xylem in roots> stem> petiole> xylem of leaf> spongy mesophyll or palisade> chloroplast Chemistry Properties of Metal: Metallic, conductive, malleable, solid Properties of non metals: solid, gas, or liquid, brittle, dull, insulators Alkali Metals: most reactive Alkali Earth Metals: second most reactive Halogens: most reactive non metal Noble Gases: least reactive All based on number of valence electrons Ions: charged particle that loses or gains electrons to have a full outer orbital Ionic compounds: having 2 elements come in to make a full outer orbital for all by transferring electrons. conduct electricity when dissolved in water Ionic bond: attraction of 2 elements with positive and negative charges Naming Metal followed by non metal with “ide” ending Transitional metals: have 2 or more charges Transitional metals will have to add (XX) to indicate charge Criss cross method for formulas Polyatomic Compounds: ion made up of one or more elements Naming -Write the name of the cation, then ide after the anion -criss cross method to determine charges Molecular/Covalent compounds: compounds through sharing electrons. Some always come in a pair -HOBBrINCl Naming uses a set of common molecular names second term/first that is more than one will use prefix system no charges needs to be indicated Reactants and products Single Displacement: one element replaces another, leaving one alone A+BC -> AC+B Decomposition: single compound breaks down into another element/compounds AB-> A+B Synthesis: opposite of decomp A+B-> AB Double displacement: both elements are replaced by another AB+CD -> AD+CB Combustion: rapid reaction with oxygen to create oxides Fuel+oxygen->carbon dioxide & water Incomplete combustion Fuel+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water+carbon+carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons- fossil fuel like gas/coal Oxidization: reaction slow between oxygen to make an oxide Law of conservation mass -The mass of the reactant must equal the mass of the product. We will use coefficients and multipliers to balance the equations. Corrosion: bad: car rusting, Good: rusting aluminum Acids: neutralizes bases conducts electricity reacts with metals to create H^2 reacts with carbonates to create CO2 reacts with water to create hydrogen All acids have “hydro in front: hydrofluoric, Conducts electricity Sour Oxyacids derive from polyatomic acids containing oxygen and hydrogen. Add -ate on it Turns blue litmus paper pink, leaves pink litmus paper pink Bases: neutralizes bases When dissolved in water, gives off OH ion turns red lp blue and keeps blue lp blue conducts electricity pH: level of how acidic or basic a solution is based on how much “power of hydrogen” Acids ranges from 0-7 while bases go from 7-14 Neutralization Reactions: Base+acid will equal to a salt and a water Physics Light travels in waves and particles Electromagnetic spectrum Laws of reflection 1. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection 2. the incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal are all on the same plane Diffused reflection: when rays are reflected over the place and no solid image is seen Specular reflection: when all light is reflected back at the same angle and an image Real images: images that can be seen without an optical device and can be projected Virtual images: images that require an optical device to view Images in plane mirrors: example diagram SALT: Size: larger, smaller, same Attitude: upright, inverted Location: distance between mirror/object Type: real/virtual Curved mirrors: Principal axis: horizontal coming out of the vertex Focus: point at which the image can be scene clearly Concave mirrors rules: 1. 2. 3. 4. light rays parallel to the principal axis will reflect through F light rays moving in the direction of F will reflect parallel a light ray going through C will reflect back a light ray going through V follows laws of reflection Convex mirrors 1. horizontal will go through focus 2. going to focus will go up and from focus 3. going through C will go back on itself Refraction: when light slows down as it travels to a denser medium which makes it bend Rules for refraction: as it travels to a denser medium, it goes nearer to the normal, as it travels to a less dense medium, it goes farther from normal. Partial reflection: when only some of the light is reflected/refracted and the rest goes back Index of refraction equation n=c/v speed of light is 3*10^8 total internal refraction: when light is reflected inwards rather than refracting out 1. light travels slower in the first medium than second 2. the angle of incidence is large enough so that no refraction occurs in the medium, instead, the ray is reflected back into the first one Lenses Converging lenses/convex lenses Locate images based on rules 1. 2. 3. 4. light going through F will refract horizontally light going horizontal will refract towards the F light traveling optical center will go straight light going through F’ will go horizontal Diverging lenses/concave lenses 1. going through optical center will go straight 2. light going towards F will go straight 3. light going parallel will head up from the direction of F Example of locating images Equations Do- distance of object Di- distance of image Ho- height of object Hi-height of image F-Focus Sign conventions: Di negative if virtual, positive if real Hi positive if upright, negative if down Ho positive if upright, negative if down F positive if converting, negative if down Human Eye Lens: changes shape to adjust the focus point of the image in relation to the object distance Cornea: outermost layer of the eye Pupil: adjusts amount of light going in Retina: light sensitive area on the back of the eye Accommodation: changing the shape of the lens to allow the image to focus sharply on the retina. Normal sighted diagram Hyperopia Diagram (far sighted) – corrected using converging lens -able to see far, the image if far will focus correctly, near, it wont. The eyeball too small Presbyopia -lens unable to adjust its focus. The person will see far, but not close Myopia (close sightedness) – corrected using diverging lens -able to see close, eyeball too long. Climate Change Weather: the day to day differences of temperature, precipitation, wind speed, humidity Climate: measure of the usual patterns over a longer period of time and avg the results Sun emits energy to the earth, 20% reflected by clouds, 6% by atmosphere and 4% by earth’s surface (rest is absorbed) Infrared rays, UV, visible light, X Rays, Gamma rays (UV, G, and X are ionizing and filter) Energy used to warm earth, but 100% of it is emitted back so that the temp remains the same Climate Zones; regions with similar climate patterns of precipitation and temps Ecosystems: classify more than just climate zones with data on landforms, soil, vegetation, and human factors Earth tilt at 23.5 degrees. sufficient to create an imbalance of light rays per area at different parts of the earth; resulting in seasons and daylight. Earth’s Climate System: Lithosphere: land and ground Biosphere: living things Hydrosphere: water Atmosphere: air Air circulates in the form of wind which carries moisture or dryness Water circulates in the form of currents, which affects air above to be dry or warm Air and water moistures and temps can affect land around it convection: energy moves from place to place due to changes in density Atmosphere: layers of air surrounding earth diagram Troposphere>stratosphere, mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere 20>50> 85> 690>10000 20>30>35>690>300 Ozone protects us from harmful rays in stratosphere, but mixes with greenhouse gasses to make smog in troposphere Hydrosphere: water cycle diagram Greenhouse effect: traps heat in to maintain warmth Gasses in atmosphere affects how the heat is maintained Gasses like 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, methane and other gasses contribute to these effects Carbon cycle: movement of carbon from different climate systems of earth -Point is, the stuff will still stay back on earth regardless Carbon Cycle diagrams Water vapor (67% of gh effect) Warm air can hold more water than cold air thus, warm air has potential to move moisture and precipitation Methane: absorbs 23x more energy than CO2 Nitrous Oxide: 300x more effective than CO2 as a GH gas Feedback loops: creates an effect that impacts its original cause Albedo Effect: loop linking the ice on earth and gradual temperature increase Positive: effect increases the original cause, negative opposite Climate change -changing by human causes as well as historically driven natural events 1. rising global temperatures highest ever 2. melting ice sheets, glaciers, and sea ice 1. increases sea level if ice sheets melt. ice already in water wont increase level 1. increase in sea level 1. natural thermal expansion, groundwater loss, or ice sheets more than thought 2. Severe changes in weather 1. hurricanes, droughts, heat waves more frequent due to changes in temperature in oceans and air. # of severe hurricanes 2x in last 40 years 3. Changes in precipitation patterns 1. N H, more rain less snow 2. S H, less rain 6) changes in seasons 1) shorter winters and longer growing season 1. changes in ecosystems 1. flowers grow earlier in season 2. animals have sex sooner 3. living things migrating to northern regions Canadian Greenhouse gasses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Production of energy transportation fugitive emissions: production and refining of fossil fuels Agriculture: animals, machinery waste management: sewage, landfills land use and forestry: deforestation 1 megaton = 1 billion kg Measure of emission: based on CO2 and each one’s potential to do harm is based of of times of carbon dioxide Computer modelling -use real data to make predictions -either very right or very wrong depending on data 1. temp assuming only affected by natural causes 2. temp except added anthropogenic gasses