How Biological Diversity Evolves

How Biological Diversity Evolves Guided Reading Activities Chapter Content: The Origin of Species Complete the following questions as you read the fourteenth chapter content—The Origin of Species: 1. _Speciation_ is the formation of a new species through evolutionary mechanisms. 2. The meadowlarks in the following figure look very similar and yet they belong to different species. The humans shown in the same figure display a fair amount of diverse features and, yet, they are all members of the same species. Briefly explain why the birds are not members of the same species while the humans belong to the same species. The birds are not members of the same species because they do not have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring. 3. The answer to question 2 forms the basis for the _Biological Species Concept. 4. List the two types of reproductive barriers. A) Prezygotic Barriers B) Postzygotic Barriers 5. True or false: A reproductive barrier is a mechanism that prevents members of different species from mating with one another. If false, please make it a correct statement. False, a reproductive barrier prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding. 6. It is possible to produce an offspring from a zebra mating with a donkey. Indeed, in 2013 at a zoo in Florence, Italy, a male zebra climbed a zoo fence in order to mate with a female donkey. This resulted in the donkey giving birth to a live organism called Ippo. Ippo is considered a hybrid organism and is known as a zeedonk or a zonkey. While there is no doubt that Ippo is cute, this mating would likely never happen in the wild. Which reproductive barrier would prevent this from occurring? Habitat isolation 7. Which of the following represents a post-zygotic barrier? A) 8. 9. Temporal B) Habitat C) Reduced hybrid viability D) Gametic Two different species of spiders mate at different times of the year. One species breeds in late spring and one breeds in late summer. What type of reproductive barrier is this? Temporal isolation Complete the table that compares the different reproductive barrier mechanisms. Genetic drift Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Mechanical isolation Description with example Little to no sexual attractions exists between populations. Closely related species matting occurs at different seasons or time of day Closely related species live in different habitats and do not meet. Structural differences that prevent fertilization Gametic isolation Reduced hybrid viability 10. Female and Male gametes fail to unite in fertilization Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity. The creation of a new species without geographic isolation is known as ________. A) Allopatric speciation B) Polyploidy C) Sympatric speciation D) Reproductive barriers 11. A geographic barrier to __Reproductive__ can give rise to _Allopatric_ speciation. 12. True or false: Geographic isolation always leads to speciation. If false, make it a correct statement. False, geographic isolation does not always lead to speciation 13. Which of the following refers to having more than two complete sets of chromosomes? A) Speciation B) Polyploid C) Sympatric D) Allopatric Complete the Venn diagram that compares sympatric speciation with allopatric speciation. 14. - Allopatric Speciation: Geographic barrier isolates two populations of a species Results in mutation, genetic drift, or natural selection - Sympatric Speciation: No geographic barrier Polyploidy may occur Habitat differentiation Sexual Selection Common: produce new species Chapter Content: Earth History and Macroevolution Complete the following questions as you read the fourteenth chapter content—Earth History and Macroevolution: 1. Researchers have identified a series of speciation events that has created a new group of organisms. Which of the following terms best describes what has occurred? A) Macroevolution B) Biogeography C) Microevolution D) Geologic time scale Use Table 14.1 on page 280 of your textbook to answer questions 2–4. 2. How old is the oldest known animal fossil? 635 million years 3. What group of organisms appeared in the cretaceous period? Flowering plants and dinosaur lineage 4. Consider the answer to question 3 when answering this question. Would this be an example of microevolution or macroevolution? It was extinction of organisms at the end of cretaceous period, due to this there was a change of species. 5. True or false: Radiometric dating is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes over time. If false, make it a correct statement. 6. Is it possible for North and South America to “drift” apart? Briefly explain your answer using the following figure. Yes, it is possible because the plate tectonic can shift directions 7. _Biogeography_ is the study of the distribution of organisms both past and present. 8. Earth has witnessed several mass extinctions. It would seem obvious that a mass extinction is not desirable. However, is there any upside to a mass extinction? The upside to all the mass extinctions are the diversity of survivors, providing the surviving organisms new environmental opportunities. 9. Use Figure 14.18 from your textbook to answer the following question. What key event allowed for mammals to significantly increase in the number of different species? Approximately when did this occur? The key event that allowed mammals to significantly increase in the number of different species was the extinction of dinosaurs. Chapter Content: Mechanisms of Macroevolution Complete the following questions as you read the fourteenth chapter content—Mechanisms of Macroevolution: 1. Structures that evolve under a certain set of circumstances but prove useful for a separate function are called _____. A) Paedomorphosis B) Gradual refinements C) Biological novelties D) Exaptations 2. The discovery of _Dinosaur fossil_ in 1996 was a key moment in our understanding of feather evolution because it was the first feathered _Non-avian Dinosaur to be found. 3. Evidence suggests that feathers evolved before flight. List a possible function served by feathers prior to their use as an instrument of flight. Before feathers were used for flight, they were used for insulation, mating displays, thermoregulation, and camouflage. 4. True or false: Most complex structures evolved suddenly. If false, please make it a correct statement. False, most complex structures evolve in small steps from simple versions with the same basic function 5. Provide an example of a complex structure that has evolved in numerous small increments. Chapter Content: Classifying the Diversity of Life Complete the following questions as you read the fourteenth chapter content—Classifying the Diversity of Life: 1. Systematics is the area of biology that focuses on classification and evolutionary relationships. 2. True or false: A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of an organism. If false, make it a correct statement. 3. What do the leopard, striped skunk, European otter, coyote, and wolf all have in common? Use Figure 14.22 on page 286 of your textbook. The leopard, striped skunk, European otter, coyote, and wolf are all part of the carnivora order. 4. Which of the following taxonomic levels include all of the others? Use Figure 14.22 on page 286 of your textbook. A) Genus B) Order C) Family D) Species 5. 6. What kind of evolution gives rise to analogy? ___Convergent evolution______. Briefly compare analogy to homology. Homology are the homologous structures in different species, but they can vary in form and function, In analogy, due to convergent evolution there is a similarity between two species rather than a common ancestor with the same trait. 7. True or false: The skulls of humans and chimpanzees are an example of analogy. If false, make it a correct statement. False, the skulls of humans and chimpanzees are an example of homology because they evolve from a common ancestor. 8. A group of species descended from a common ancestor is known as a ______. 9. A) Speciation B) Phylogenetic tree C) Population D) Clade You are a research biologist working at the U.S. research station in Antarctica. You discover a new single-celled organism that is able to survive in the frigid conditions. During your research you observe that the organism has a nucleus. Which domain would this new organism be classified into? Briefly explain your answer. It will be in the domain Eukarya. The domain Eukarya consists of multicellular eukaryotes which contain a nucleus. Major Theme Connection: 1. A biologist discovers that the genes that code for crucial enzymes in glycolysis (look back at Chapter 6) are remarkably similar in humans, bread mold, and maple trees. What can she infer from these data? Common Thread Connection: 1. there Isle Royale National Park consists of a series of islands located in Lake Superior. Initially, were no wolves on any of the islands since they were in the middle of Lake Superior. However, in 1949, an unusually long and cold winter produced an ice bridge between Canada and the islands of the National Park. During this winter, a pair of wolves used the ice bridge to travel inadvertently to Isle Royale. Today there continues to be a wolf population on the main island descended from that original pair. Has allopatric speciation occurred yet with respect to the mainland wolves? If not, could it? How would you determine if it has occurred? Probably not because not enough time has passed. In theory, it could as long as enough time passes to allow the wolves on Isle Royale to be subjected to the selective pressures specific to Isle Royale.