Blister Beetles

Blister Beetles: Pest or Beneficial Predator? Introduction This publication will assist producers, crop consultants, or scouts in recognizing blister beetles and understanding their importance as beneficial predators. For producers who market hay as feed, management strategies are presented below to minimize the toxic risk of blister beetles to livestock. The sudden onslaught of thousands of gregarious beetles feeding on a field crop is likely to cause any agricultural producer concern. For hay producers (particularly producers of alfalfa hay) and their customers who feed hay to livestock, the concern becomes serious if these beetles are confirmed as blister beetles. Blister beetles are toxic, even potentially lethal, to some species of livestock that may inadvertently ingest beetles captured or crushed during the hay baling process. Life Cycle of the Epicauta Blister Beetles There are several species of blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) found in the Pacific Northwest. This publication focuses on the common species in the genus Epicauta, which includes the black blister beetle (E. puncticollis Mannerheim), the spotted blister beetle (E. oregona Horn, E. normalis Werner, or E. ventralis Werner), and the ash gray blister beetle (E. pruinosa LeConte) (Dr. J. D. Pinto, Emeritus, University of California at Riverside, personal communication 2012). On occasion, masses of adult beetles have been observed devouring plants along the edges of vegetable and agronomic crops, as well as on ornamental plants in home landscapes. Frequently, blister beetles quickly move to other areas, affecting only the perimeter rows of a crop or a particular plant species in the home landscape. For most agricultural producers, it is recommended that they tolerate crop damage from blister beetles when possible. This is because several species of blister beetle serve an important role in controlling and containing outbreaks of grasshopper populations. Grasshoppers often pose a far more significant pest threat to agricultural crops than blister beetles in the Pacific Northwest. Adult beetles have narrow, elongated bodies ranging in length from 0.25 to 0.50 in. and are soft and flexible. Often the pronotum (the segment lying between the beetle’s head and abdomen when viewed from above) is narrower than either the head or the abdomen. The beetles vary in color from black with a metallic sheen A B C Figure 1. Representative Epicauta blister beetles: A) an adult black blister beetle E. puncticollis (the beetle is 2/5 in. long), B) and C) adult ash gray blister beetle E. pruinosa. Photo source: A) Mike Bush, Washington State University Extension; B) and C) A. Murphy, Oregon State University, Irrigated Agricultural Entomology Program. 1 to gray, with or without dark spots (Figure 1). The adult beetles can be found during the summer months feeding on flowers and leaves of a wide range of plant species. A Blister beetles in the genus Epicauta have a complex life cycle that makes them highly effective biological control agents of several insect species, including grasshoppers. After feeding and mating in late summer, adult blister beetles lay eggs in areas of rangeland that may serve as breeding grounds for grasshoppers. After hatching from eggs, the highly mobile blister beetle larvae seek out and feed on grasshopper eggs. Through autumn and winter, maturing larvae become less mobile and more grub-like in appearance, and they develop a bigger appetite for grasshopper eggs. Eventually, the larvae complete their development and pupate in the spring. B Adult blister beetles have chewing mouthparts and feed on a wide range of flowering weeds, including goldenrod (Solidago spp.), ironweed (Vernonia spp.), ragweed (Ambrosia spp.), and pigweed (Amaranthus spp.). Their feeding can be injurious to commercial vegetable crops such as potato, tomato, corn, carrot, melon, pea, bean, cabbage, and beet (Figure 2). They have also been reported to cause damage to alfalfa, mustard, and clover. Some species of blister beetles tend to congregate and feed in swarms on these crops, which can lead to concern for producers. Adult beetles can defoliate host plants, leaving nothing but leaf petioles and stems. However, this damage tends to be limited to the border rows of crops located adjacent to rangeland that has been infested previously with grasshoppers. Therefore, blister beetle feeding damage to vegetable crops and ornamental plants seldom necessitates implementing management practices. C Livestock Toxicity Many species of blister beetles produce a defensive substance called cantharidin in their body fluids. This substance is toxic to people, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. Surface exposure to cantharidin can cause skin irritation and lead to blistering. Of far greater concern is internal exposure to cantharidin, particularly by livestock that have consumed beetle-contaminated hay. Cantharidin can irritate the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of animals, and lead to poisoning and even death. Horses are most susceptible to the toxin, and as little as four to six grams of dried beetles trapped in hay used as feed can be lethal to horses. Symptoms to watch for include blisters on the tongue and mouth, abdominal pain, depression, anorexia, sweating, increased heart and respiratory rates, increased rectal temperature, frequent drinking of small amounts of water (sometimes livestock will merely submerse their noses in water), diarrhea, problems with urination, or blood discharged Figure 2. Damage caused by adult blister beetles: A) Epicauta puncticollis adults defoliating ornamental plants in a home landscape; B) Epicauta pruinosa adults defoliating plants in a commercial potato crop in central Washington; and C) potato defoliation limited to a short section of an outside row of a potato crop. This potato crop was adjacent to grasshopper-infested rangeland that was believed to provide a food source for the larvae of blister beetles. Photo source: A) Mike Bush, Washington State University Extension; B) and C) Sally Hubbs, Washington State University. 2 in the urine. If you suspect blister beetle poisoning of livestock, contact a veterinarian immediately. Should blister beetle presence in the hay or cantharidin toxicity be confirmed, it would be prudent to contact the hay producer so that the producer can modify their management strategies to prevent this problem in the future. landscapes where the feeding damage is primarily cosmetic or restricted to the outermost crop rows. Managing Blister Beetles For producers of hay and pasture crops, the presence of blister beetles in livestock feed necessitates management strategies. Blister beetle outbreaks often follow significant grasshopper infestations. The first cuttings of hay are likely to escape infestation with blister beetles, as the beetles emerge during the summer months in the Pacific Northwest. It is recommended to use the first cutting of alfalfa as feed for horses, which are particularly susceptible to cantharidin poisoning. Later in the season, cutting hay before bloom will decrease the likelihood of feed contamination because beetles primarily infest hay crops in bloom. For later cuttings, it may be advantageous to scout perimeter rows of hay crops for the presence of blister beetles just prior to harvest, particularly in fields with a history of blister beetle or grasshopper infestations. In infested fields, it is advisable to harvest the hay with the conditioner open so the beetles can escape during harvest. Producers should avoid harvesting perimeter areas when scouting has found blister beetles. According to the Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, perimeter applications of carbaryl or pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, or zeta-cypermethrin) can be used to manage adult beetles when they are present. Beetles killed by insecticides before harvest should fall to the ground and not be picked up by harvest equipment. There are no economic thresholds for blister beetle management in either vegetable crops or home landscapes because the damage rarely causes economic hardship. Often these beetles will swarm to the outer rows of crops, rapidly defoliate plants along the field edges, and depart in a few days. If producers or homeowners are concerned about the potential damage from blister beetles, there may be pesticides registered for use against beetles on the specific crop or plant. Be sure to refer to the pesticide label to check the legality of the product selected for use on the crop to be treated, including the preharvest interval (which can vary depending on the specific product, crop and use pattern). Finally, immature blister beetles are considered beneficial insects as they aggressively seek out and prey on grasshopper eggs. Thus, it may be ill-advised to spray for adult blister beetle populations in fields and home 3