Photosynthesis TGT – Questions

Photosynthesis TGT – Questions 2 Why are there various pigments that form the antenna complex in photosystems? 3 What unique role does chlorophyll a play in the reaction centre of a photosystem? 4 What happens to the carbon dioxide used in the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle? 5 Why is noncyclic electron flow referred to as nonclyclic? 6 What are the C4 plant ideal conditions? 7 Under what atmospheric conditions would the C3 plants be more successful than C4 plants? 8 Describe what photorespiration is. 2 Why is photorespiration undesirable? 3 What is the purpose of C4 photosynthesis adaptation? 4 Describe how C4 photosynthesis “costs” the cell. 5 Name the two parts of a chlorophyll molecule. 6 Why do plant cells need mitochondria, in addition to chloroplasts, to survive? 7 Why has CAM photosynthesis evolved in plants that live in hot dry environments? 8 Why would extreme temperature, above 80°C, stop the Calvin cycle from occuring? 9 Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in photosynthesis? 2 What role does the Z protein play in photosynthesis? 3 Why are the light reactions essential to the Calvin cycle? 4 Describe what rubisco does in the Calvin cycle. 5 Why might rubisco be considered the most important enzyme on Earth? 6 The Calvin cycle used to be referred to as “dark reactions”. Why is this name incorrect? 7 Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place? Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place? 8 In which process does the conversion of light energy to chemical potential energy take place? 9 What energy-carrying intermediates are shared between the two photosynthetic processes? 2 How do leaf stomata behave differently than C3 plant leaves? 3 How are C4 pant leaves different in structure compared to C3 plants? 4 One G3P molecule contains more energy than 3 CO2 molecules, why? 5 In the Calvin cycle, 6 G3P molecules are produced. One G3P molecule leaves the cycle, what happens to the other 5 G3P molecules? 6 How many NADPH are required to create a molecule of glucose? 7 Where in the chloroplast are the energy carrying molecules created? Where in the chloroplast is the electrochemical gradient made? 8 How many Calvin cycle cycles are required to make one molecule of glucose? Photosynthesis TGT – Answers 2 to absorb a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum 3 its electrons become excited and are transferred to the primary electron acceptor 4 they become fixed together forming carbohydrate molecules 5 electrons involved do not return to where they came from, they leave the thylakoid membrane and must be replaced 6 high oxygen air/ low carbon dioxide air 7 high CO2 air concentration 8 rubisco catalyzes the addition of oxygen to RuBP creating one PGA and one glycolate 2 reduces amount of carbon fixation and/or plant loses carbon that has already been fixed 3 to keep the concentration of CO2 high near rubisco and the concentration of O2 low, so CO2 can out compete O2 for the active site on rubisco 4 plant must use ATP to perform this type of photosynthesis 5 porphyrin ring and the phytol tail 6 photosynthesis makes glucose, the only way to get ATP from glucose is through cellular respiration, which the mitochondria helps perform 7 water is scarce in these locations, CAM photosynthesis reduces water loss by a plant 8 enzymes involved, their activity is dependent on temperature 9 visible light ( 400nm to 750nm ) 2 splits a water molecule replacing electrons in photosystem II and increase H+ ion concentration in thylokoid lumen 3 products ATP and NADPH are needed for the completion of the Calvin cycle AND/OR capture energy that is used in the Calvin cycle to create G3P 4 catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP 5 without this enzyme photosynthesis could not occur and life as we know it would not exist 6 although light is not directly involved in the Calvin cycle, the energy captured from the light reactions is used to drive the Calvin cycle → therefore requires light 7 thylakoid membranes; stroma 8 Calvin cycle 9 NADPH and ATP 2 at night, stoma open and in the morning, stoma closed 3 mesophyll cells surround bundle sheath cells completely, creating a barrier preventing air gases from reaching the bundle sheath cells. 4 one G3P because energy was added in the formation of this molecule from ATP and NADPH 5 they are converted back to RuBP molecules 6 12 7 stroma; thylakoid lumen 8 2 (of our handout) or 6 cycles of 1 CO2 2 Why are there various pigments that form the antenna complex in photosystems? 3 What is substrate-level phosphorylation? 4 Which of the four steps of cellular respiration acts directly on glucose? 5 Cellular respiration increases the entropy of the universe. Explain. 6 In what form are the carbons in glucose removed from your body after full aerobic respiration? 7 Why must oxaloacetate be recycled in the Kreb’s cycle? 8 List the products of pyruvate oxidation. 2 What do both NAD+ and FAD take from the molecules they oxidize? 3 Name the two regions in the mitochondria. 4 List with their amounts the number of ATP, intermediate energy carrier molecules and final products of glucose. 5 List the energy carriers and their resulting from the Krebs cycle from one acetyl-CoA. 6 Is the Krebs cycle an aerobic or anaerobic process? Explain. 7 Describe what happens to the pyruvate molecule during pyruvate oxidation. 8 Where is the high concentration of hydrogen ions located in the mitochondrion? 9 Which molecule has more energy: a molecule of G3P or a molecule of acetyl-CoA? Explain. 2 What role does oxygen play in aerobic respiration? 3 How many ATP do the NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle each make? 4 Why is the statement "It takes energy to make energy" appropriate to the glycolitic process? 5 How many ATP to each molecule of NADH and FADH2 each make? 6 How do the hydrogen ions in the matrix get there? 7 Whenever NAD+ and FAD are involved with cellular respiration, what type of chemical reaction takes place? 8 What is an electrochemical gradient? 9 List two structural features about the mitochondria that support the endosymbiosis theory. 2 Energy from NADH and FADH2 are used to do what in the E.T.C.? 3 How are ATP molecules created in the mitochondrial E.T.C.? 4 The energy from NADH and FADH2 is transferred to what thing/area before ATP are made? 5 What is the oxygen you breath used for in your body? 6 The mitochondrial inner membrane is highly folded. Why is this important? 7 What is the percent efficiency of aerobic cellular respiration? 8 What controls each and every step of cellular respiration?