**Rhabdomyolysis** **Causes:** * **Trauma:** crush injury, compartment syndrome * **Ischemia:** prolonged tourniquet use, compartment syndrome * **Seizures:** prolonged, intense seizures * **Extreme exertion:** marathon running, heat stroke * **Medications:** statins, amphetamines, cocaine * **Toxins:** alcohol, snake venom * **Inherited muscle diseases:** muscular dystrophies * **Infections:** viral myositis **Pathophysiology:** * Muscle cell injury → release of muscle contents into the bloodstream * Myoglobinuria → acute kidney injury * Hyperkalemia → cardiac arrhythmias * Hypocalcemia → muscle weakness, tetany * Hyperphosphatemia → calcification of tissues * Metabolic acidosis **Clinical Manifestations:** * Muscle pain * Weakness * Dark urine (myoglobinuria) * Elevated creatine kinase (CK) * Hyperkalemia * Hypocalcemia * Acute kidney injury **Diagnosis:** * History and physical exam * Elevated CK levels * Myoglobinuria in urine * Electrolyte abnormalities * Renal function tests **Treatment:** * **Immediate:** * Aggressive fluid resuscitation (IV fluids) * Alkalinization of urine (sodium bicarbonate) * Mannitol (osmotic diuretic) * **Other:** * Monitor electrolytes and renal function * Treat underlying cause * Consider dialysis if severe kidney injury