Phimosis Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of the penis cannot be retracted over the glans (head) of the penis. It is classified into two main types: physiological phimosis, which is common in infants and usually resolves with age, and pathological phimosis, which occurs due to scarring or inflammation. **1. Physiological Phimosis:  Occurrence: Physiological phimosis is common in newborns and young children. At birth, most infants have a non-retractable foreskin due to natural adhesion between the foreskin and the glans. This is normal and typically resolves by age 3-5 years as the adhesions naturally separate.  Development: As children grow, the foreskin gradually becomes more retractable. By adolescence, most boys will have a fully retractable foreskin. **2. Pathological Phimosis:  Causes: Pathological phimosis arises from scarring, inflammation, or infection. Conditions such as balanitis (inflammation of the glans), posthitis (inflammation of the foreskin), or recurrent infections can lead to scarring and tightening of the foreskin.  Symptoms: Symptoms of pathological phimosis can include difficulty retracting the foreskin, pain or discomfort during erections, and recurrent infections or inflammation. In severe cases, it can lead to urinary obstruction or problems with hygiene.  Diagnosis: Diagnosis involves a physical examination, medical history, and sometimes imaging studies. The evaluation will focus on the severity of the condition and associated symptoms. **3. Treatment:  Conservative Management: For mild cases, conservative treatment may include topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and facilitate retraction of the foreskin. Gentle stretching exercises can also be recommended to improve foreskin mobility.  Surgical Intervention: In more severe cases or when conservative treatments fail, circumcision (surgical removal of the foreskin) or preputioplasty (surgical widening of the foreskin) may be necessary. Circumcision is a definitive solution for pathological phimosis but is usually considered only when other treatments are ineffective. **4. Complications:  Paraphimosis: This occurs when the retracted foreskin cannot return to its original position, leading to swelling and potentially reduced blood flow to the glans. Paraphimosis is a medical emergency requiring prompt intervention.  Infections: Persistent phimosis can lead to recurrent infections of the glans or foreskin, complicating treatment and management. **5. Prevention:  Hygiene: Maintaining good genital hygiene can help prevent infections and inflammation that might lead to pathological phimosis. Gently cleaning the area and avoiding harsh soaps can be beneficial.  Medical Attention: Early medical evaluation and treatment of any signs of infection or inflammation can prevent the progression of phimosis. Overall, while physiological phimosis is a normal part of development in children, pathological phimosis requires medical attention to prevent complications and ensure proper treatment.