Neutropenia Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low count of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections, particularly bacterial and fungal ones. Neutrophils make up about 50-70% of circulating white blood cells, and their primary role is to act as the first line of defense in the immune system by engulfing and destroying pathogens. Causes of Neutropenia: Neutropenia can be caused by a variety of factors, including: 1. Bone Marrow Disorders: Conditions like leukemia, aplastic anemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce neutrophils. 2. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: These treatments for cancer often target rapidly dividing cells, including those in the bone marrow, leading to decreased production of neutrophils. 3. Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can lead to the destruction of neutrophils by the body's immune system. 4. Infections: Viral infections, such as HIV or hepatitis, can directly or indirectly cause neutropenia. 5. Medications: Certain drugs, including some antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can cause neutropenia as a side effect. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis: Patients with neutropenia are at increased risk for infections, which may present with fever, chills, or signs of specific infections like pneumonia or sepsis. The diagnosis is typically made through a complete blood count (CBC) that shows low absolute neutrophil count (ANC). Neutropenia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the ANC levels. Management and Treatment: The treatment of neutropenia depends on its cause and severity. Mild cases might require monitoring and supportive care, while more severe cases may necessitate the use of growth factors like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to stimulate neutrophil production. Preventive measures, such as good hygiene and avoiding exposure to infections, are crucial for patients with neutropenia. In cases where neutropenia is due to medication or an underlying condition, addressing the root cause is essential. Severe or prolonged neutropenia may require hospitalization, especially if an infection is present, as these patients are at high risk for complications.