Period 1 (1250-1450)

Period 1 (1250-1450) Humans and the Environment: Inca construct extensive road system and terraces to facilitate communication, travel, and farming in Andes Mountains (1438) Cultural developments and interactions (750-1450) Sufi missions and expansion of trade routes spread Islam in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia (1000-1450) Catholic Church serves as most powerful institution in Europe, influencing all aspects of life Government: (1037-1450) Abbasid Caliphate fragments into new Turkic states like the Seljuk Empire and Mamluk Sultanate (1000-1450) Europe experiences rise of feudal states with a hierarchical system of land grants in exchange for military service (960-1279) Song Dynasty uses Neo-Confucianism and civil service exam system to maintain power in China Economy (1000-1450) Indian Ocean trade expands thanks to rise of new empires and navigational technologies (1200-1450) Compass, junk ships, astrolabe, and improved maps facilitate Indian Ocean trade (1220-1400) Mongol expansion and postal system usher in Pax Mongolica and increased trade and travel across Silk Roads Society (1200-1450) Women in the Muslim world have a certain amount of legal and financial independence and can play important roles as patrons of the arts and as Sufi mystics (1000-1450) Reliance on serfdom and growing social stratification in feudal system in Europe Tecknology (750-1258) Islamic Golden Age preserves and expands upon ancient Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge, which spreads into Europe, Africa, and Central Asia (750-1258) (960-1279) Champa rice, paper money, compass, junk ships, printing, gunpowder, steel and iron production in China (960-1279). Period 2 1450-1750 Humans & the Environment (ENV) (1492-1750) Columbian Exchange results in transfer of plants, animals, diseases, ideas, and people between the Old World and New World (1550-1750) European colonies establish plantations to grow cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, relying on coerced and forced labor Cultural Developments & Interactions (CDI) Renaissance focus of humanism and artistic achievements influence European culture and spirit of human potential (1517-1648) Protestant Reformation parked by Martin Luther’s challenges Catholic authority, leading to new Protestant denominations and religious wars in Europe (1517-1648) Governance (GOV) (1602-1750) Expansion of colonial empires: Dutch East India Company (VOC) takes control of spice trade, while British and French establish footholds in North America and India European consumer culture pands and increases demand for goods from the Americas and Asia, including sugar, tea, tobacco, porcelain. Modern banking emerges to support expanding commerce Economic Systems (ECN) (1502-1750) First enslaved Africans are brought to the Americas, resulting in the transatlantic slave trade (1502-1750) (1550-1850) Atlantic system trade expands, with European ships carry manufactured goods to West Africa and transporting enslaved Africans across the mMiddle passage on plantiontons in theamericas, transporting American products (sugar, tobacco, rum, silver) to Euroe and Asia Social Interactions & Organization (SIO) (1500-1800) Indian Ocean slave trade intensifies with arrival of Europeans (1649-1861) Serfdom increases in Eastern Europe and Russia, and peasants are bound as serfs to noble estates Technology & Innovation (TEC) (1440-1750) Printing press increases availability of texts and plays crucial role in spreading ideas of Protestant Reformation and new discoveries (1440-1750) (1450-1600) Ship designs like the carrack and caravel increase European participation in maritime exploration and trade during the Age of Exploration Period 3 1750-1900: Humans & the Environment (ENV) (1800-1900) Industrialization and population growth leads to deforestation, fossil fuel usage, and rapid urbanization and overcrowding (1650-1850) Second Agricultural Revolution fuels population growth that frees up labor for industry Cultural Developments & Interactions (CDI) (1685-1815) Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu shape new ideas about sovereignty, liberty, natural rights, and limited government (1850-1900) Realism and Naturalism in art and literature focus on depictions of industrial and working-class life Governance (GOV) (1868-1900) Meiji Restoration overthrows Tokugawa Shogunate and rapidly modernizes Japan’s government, military, and industry; Japan emerges as major power (1868-1900) (1899-1901) Boxer Rebellion attempts to expel foreigners from China and leads to foreign intervention to quell rebellion, furthering weakening Qing Dynasty Economic Systems (ECN) (1846-1900) European powers begin abandoning mercantilist policies and moved toward free trade (1850-1900) Raw materials like tin, guano, copper, rubber, and cotton fuel imperial expansion and global industrial capitalism, with colonies providing raw materials and markets for European manufactured goods Social Interactions & Organization (SIO) (1806-1882) Prussia, Japan, US, Britain, France, Russia, Ottoman Empire benign establishing national education systems and compulsory education (1872-1900) Self-strengthening movement in China introduces modern education system but otherwise limited social reforms Technology & Innovation (TEC) (1870-1914) Second Industrial Revolution includes advances in steel, mass production, oil refining, electricity, chemicals, cont’d urbanization (1810-1900) Industrial Revolution spreads to Europe, US, Japan, Russia (1838) Telegraph revolutionizes communication.