The Civil War

1861-1865  Democrats split their support ◦ Douglas vs Breckinridge ◦ Pop Sov (N) v. federal protection of slavery (S)  Know-Nothings/Whigs make last effort ◦ “Constitutional Union Party”-John Bell (moderate)  Republicans nominate Lincoln (moderate) ◦ Slavery not allowed in the territories ◦ No interference with slavery in states where it already existed John C. Breckinridge (SD) Abraham Lincoln (R) Stephen A. Douglas (ND) John Bell (CU)  40 % pop vote, 60% of electoral vote ◦ No Southern vote   No national support, only sectional support Do you think this is fair?  South outraged that Lincoln could win without a single southern vote ◦ Lincoln=“black Republican”  Charleston, SC: Dec. 20, 1860 convention called and a formal declaration of secession is announced-SC 1st to leave Union ◦ “STATES RIGHTS!”-way of life  6 deep south states follow: GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX (Georgia and Texas try to stop it)   February 4, 1861: Secessionist leaders meet in Montgomery, AL and declare themselves the “Confederate States of America” Frame a constitution and a new government and select Jefferson Davis as president, Alexander Stephens as VP ◦ MS senator, does not want to secede, appeals for peace before secession occurs ◦ Wait for inauguration begins; what will the union do? War of Northern Aggression      War between North and South 1861-1865 Most destructive war ever fought in Western Hemisphere-620,000 deaths 4 million freed from slavery ◦ 13th, 14th, 15th amendments  Accelerated industrialization/modernization in the North while destroying plantation life in South     Whig from IL turned Republican Took presidency after 7 states had already seceded Won reelection after steering nation through war Ended slavery in US Lincoln, 1809-1865      Served in US House of Representatives Joined army against Mexico 1846 Became Senator and Sect. of War Strong leadership but emotional Imprisoned for treason but never tried Davis, 1808-1889  Inaugural Address ◦ No message of force ◦ “Preserve, protect, and defend” the Constitution ◦ “In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issues of Civil War. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.” Inauguration, March 4, 1861  Critical Question: What about federal forts in the South? ◦ Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC is cut off from supplies by Southern control   Lincoln asked to send supplies-FOOD ONLY ◦ Choice: let US refuel fort or fire with shore batteries ◦ C: Beauregard, U: Anderson Fort refuses to permit refuel; Confederates fire on Union fort ◦ War begins April 12, 1861 @ 4:30AM ◦ Captured by Confederates April 13th ◦ United northerners behind the fight to “save the union” Lincoln reacts to Fort Sumter by: 1. Calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the “insurrection” 2. Authorizing spending for the war 3. Suspending the  writ of habeas corpus  Lincoln not afraid to use troops: Upper South secedes from Union ◦ VA, NC, TN, AK; Conf. Capital moved to Richmond  Union Political/Military OBJECTIVE: Keeping the Border States ◦ DE, MD, MO, KY ◦ Union sentiments and Confederate sympathizers ◦ Goal: strong arm into Union by force if necessary Mobilizing, Strategy, Leadership http://www.nps.gov/ci vilwar/facts.htm  States: 23 Population: 20,700,000 (71%) Troops: 2,100,000 Manufacturing: 97% (10 to 1) Railroads: 72% (3 to 1) Arms: 97% (30 to 1)  Advantage: President      ◦ Gunpowder North        States: 11 Population: 5.5 million white, 3.5 million slaves Troops: 800,000 Manufacturing: 3-4% Railroads: 29% Arms:3-4% Advantage: Officers, psychology of war, defensive warfare South Compare/Contrast: Generals 1. 2. 3. US Military Academy, West Point (NY) The Citadel (SC) VMI (VA) Military Colleges http://teachingamericanhisto ry.org/static/neh/interactives /cmdrs/ Keep in Mind: a. Age b. West Point Grad c. Class Rank d. Military Experience    ~800,000 will serve (impossible w/o slavery) 1862: Confederate Conscription (DRAFT) ◦ 18-35 years for 3 years (expands to 17-50) ◦ 1 out of 5 soldiers were draftees ◦ 20-Negro Law: anyone owning 20 or more slaves or was a political leader were exempt from fighting= “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” Munitions: arms factories developed across the South (bought from Europe) ◦ Richmond and Louisiana   Shortages: clothing, supplies, food No navy to organize   ~ 2 million will serve in Union Army Upped manufacturing ◦ 97% of firearms (total), 96% of its railroad locomotives, 94 % cloth, 93% pig iron, and over 90% of its boots and shoes  Public opinion down after first 2 years; 1863 Enrollment Act: 1st draft in U.S. history ◦ 20-45 years of age ◦ Substitution (could pay for someone to fight for you) ◦ Commutation (pay $300 to the federal government to not fight) ◦ 8% of Union soldiers were draftees  Both the Union and Confederacy were reluctant to TAX citizenry ◦ Why?  Sold WAR BONDS to try and finance war      Morrill Tariff Act 1861: placed duties on all imported items (20% on manufactured goods, 10% raw materials) 1862 Legal Tender Act authorized Fed. Gov’t to make paper money called Greenbacks 21% of wartime revenue from taxation Economy boomed during the war Established a National Bank 1863; critical for money organization Union  Victim of staggering inflation (printed $1 billion in currency) ◦ U 80% v. C 9,000% ◦ $1 1861= $46 1864    Did not make legal tender (bank) Difficult economic stagnation: blockade, little transportation, lack of industry 5% of wartime rev. from taxation Confederacy  Lincoln: criticism for bank, draft, slavery Advantage: stable government Expands executive power:  Border States strong-armed into Union    ◦ Suspends habeas corpus in MD (pro-slavery factions raising hell; Copperheads) ◦ Martial law in border states ◦ Seized telegraph stations for security ◦ MD/DE=slave states, KY (grant), MO=killing field ◦ WV: 1863, 35 counties Chief Justice Taney: Lincoln overstepped power with habeas corpus ◦ Lincoln ignores: “exec powers in cases of rebellion (Art. 1 Sec. 9)  Jefferson Davis: Ultimate Dilemma “Died of a Theory” ◦ Confederate Constitution: too many states rights (couldn’t impose tariffs or internal improvements) ◦ Davis=Southern independence v. Governors=state sovereignty   Davis: knack for making enemies ◦ Heated battles with VP A. Stephens from GA No tax structure, new constitution and government, no navy, little industry, unconnected railroad lines   Label each state on your map Using a key, label which state is a ◦ Confederate State ◦ Union State ◦ Border State  Label the Capitals ◦ Union: DC ◦ Confederacy: Richmond Civil War Map: States Civil War Map: Battles  Long Term Causes: ◦ Conflict over Slavery ◦ Economic Differences ◦ States Rights  Short Term Causes: ◦ Election of Lincoln ◦ Secession ◦ Firing on Ft. Sumter Causes First state to leave? 6 states that immediately follow? 4 states that follow later? Why? 4 (then 5th) border states?  What term is used for draft? (U and C) ◦ What were exceptions to this rule?     How did the Union finance the war? Confederacy? Give one example of a financial crisis experienced by the Confederacy. How did Lincoln expand presidential powers during at time of war? Who tried to object? What was meant by the phrase “Davis died of a theory?”  19 Free States, 4 slave-holding border states (DE, MD, KY, and MO) and 1863 WV ◦ Block them from Confederacy   Gen. Winfield Scott: ANACONDA PLAN ◦ 1. Blockade Southern ports (VA to TX) -starve S of supplies ◦ 2. Drive southward towards MS River, control it (and TN River and Cumberland River), and split the Confederacy in 2 to weaken it ◦ 3. Capture Richmond (Head of the snake) Critics: antislavery congressmen wanted a quicker way to free the slaves (What was the war about according to Lincoln?)  Militarily: preserve small armies and damage Union troops-take down Union will to fight ◦ Defend territories; delay engagement ◦ Break blockade  Politically: seek recognition by foreign countries (Great Britain and France) ◦ No longer trading with North, need help ◦ F/GB need cotton; may trade military supplies Union v. Confederacy  Two Theaters: ◦ East: Atlantic to App Mtns  U: McClellan/Pope, C: Lee ◦ West: App Mtns to MS river  U: Grant, C: Johnston/Beauregard 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bull Run (Manassas) Shiloh Antietam Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Atlanta Fun Fact: Rebel forces used LANDMARKS to name the battles, Yankees used TOWNS http://www.historynet.com/ civil-war-battles 1861-1862  Bull Run: Union army moving towards Richmond ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦  Close to DC-people picnicked and watched U: McDowell, C: Beauregard Jackson earns the title “Stonewall” Confederate Victory; war will be long, mean, and costly Shiloh: Union and Confederacy stand off: ◦ U: Grant, C: Johnston ◦ Grant moves along TN River; Johnston trying to take back MS Valley control ◦ Grant steers off C counter attack and advances Westvictory  Meanwhile…  Confederacy need foreign assistance ◦ Mason/Slidell  Union stops ship; captures Mason and Slidell as POWs ◦ Britain threatens war ◦ Lincoln releases prisoners; diplomats try an negotiate for recognition  Lee (C) vs McClellan (U) ◦ Lee hoping for a Victory to convince GB to join ◦ Goal: move out of South into the North    Plan of attack discovered by Union troopsmove to attack behind Antietam Creek Forced standoff- C outnumbered 2:1 Single bloodiest day of the Civil War ◦ 22,000 soldiers in 1 day (more than Am. Rev) ◦ Confederates retreat ◦ Union “win”: Lincoln makes a policy change  September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation ◦ Freed all enslaved peoples still in rebel states ◦ Did NOT include border states or states under Union control-Redefined war in the North: “slavery” ◦ READ: Emancipation Proclamation/Questions E.P. Defined Answer the following:  Did Lincoln free the slaves or did the slaves free themselves?  What are the arguments on either side?  Why have some historians worked really hard to prove that the slaves freed themselves?  Why does it matter whether or not Lincoln was truly bothered by slavery, as Douglass claims?     Symbolized the end of slavery in America Helped prevent European involvement Changed the objective of the war 200,000 AA joined the union army     “King Cotton” not enough leverage Loss at Antietam shows weakness Emancipation Proclamation appeals to British working class-lose support British sympathy, but no support  Label the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River ◦ Decide the Theaters: Eastern and Western   Draw Scott’s Anaconda Plan for the Union Using one color for U victories and another for C victories, label the battles Map Update  Phase 1 Battles: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Ft. Sumter First Bull Run Shiloh Antietam  2 Phases of War ◦ Phase 1: 1861-1862 Stalemate  Battles: Fort Sumter, Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam ◦ Phase 2: 1863-1865 Union Winning  Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Atlanta  Surrender: Appomattox Homework=Phase 2 Battles on Chart Gettysburg – End of War       List one advantage that the Union and Confederacy had at the beginning of the war List one disadvantage the each side experienced How did each side expect the first battle to go? What was the outcome? What did it show? Why were the first two years of the war deemed a “stalemate?” Be specific. Why was a win at Antietam important for Lee? What policy change could Lincoln invoke with a win at Antietam? What did it do? 1. 2. 3. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Sept. 22, 1862, just 5 days after the bloodiest battle at Antietam. The E.P. proclaimed all slaves in the U.S. free effective Jan. 1, 1863 The E.P. had an enormous practical effect in freeing thousands of slaves overnight.   Originally filled by volunteers Used bonds to convince others-led to    bond jumping    1863 draft Substitutes for $300 Approx. 2 million total Union   Consisted of mostly volunteers 1862 institute a draft “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” causes desertion Approx. 1 million total READ: Desertion Rates and answer questions Confederacy  Chancellorsville, VA: Confederate Victory ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦  U: Hooker, C: Lee Lee catches onto Union plan; forces Hooker to run Stonewall shot; “I have lost my right arm”-Lee Last significant Confederate victory Grant victorious at Vicksburg, MS 1863 ◦ Marched troops through LA, south of Vicksburg ◦ Ordered Calvary attack on rail lines-got control ◦ Places Vicksburg under siege; starve out C troops and city falls on July 4th ◦ Confederacy split in two; Lincoln’s Key  Lee felt a victory in the North could end war  Day 1: July 1, 1863  Day 2: July 2, 1863  Day 3: July 3, 1863 ◦ Meade (U) v Lee (C) ◦ C troops ran into U while looking for shoes ◦ Push U troops out of town…to higher ground ◦ Lee orders assaults to right and left of U army ◦ Fought hard but matched 2:1 Union army ◦ Final attack at Cemetery Ridge-Pickett’s Charge ◦ Forced Lee to retreat; 1/3 of C troops killed ◦ Union Victory   Death toll: 51,112 Americans Lincoln declared that the US had been “conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” ◦ Dedicated the cemetery to fallen soldiers ◦ Recognized today as statement of values https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=U2a-S3rjDBw  March 1864: Lincoln makes Grant commander after victory in Vicksburg Atlanta: General William T. Sherman  *Atlanta delivers victory to Lincoln in Election  ◦ U: Sherman, C: Hood ◦ Total War idea-burned cities, tore down railroads and wraps them around trees, breaks spirit ◦ Famous “March to the Sea” to Savannah, GA; war on citizens of Georgia, burned down the city ◦ Captures Atlanta, GA Sept. 1864 ◦ 212 of 223 electoral votes ◦ 55% of popular vote  Winning leads to Lincoln’s Re-election: much to celebrate; still faces issues ◦ Victories on battlefields ◦ Lost some support-too much authority v. not enough support for antislavery ◦ A Somber Realization: Reelection=Confederacy realizes that the North will never give up or negotiate peace “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds.”      Lee’s Army: almost 100 deserters a day Grant: constant attacks April 3, 1865: Union Army enters Richmond after 11 months April 9, 1865: Lee meets with Grant at Appomattox Court House April 12, 1865: troops lay down weapons and are sent home ◦ Chamberlain: Union troops salute their enemies     April 14-15, 1865 Lincoln attends “Our American Cousin” John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the back of the head “Thus ever to Tyrants, the South is avenged!” http://www.history.com/topics/abr aham-lincoln-assassination  Plotters: wanted to cause chaos ◦ Give south time to reunite and continue war ◦ Planned to kill VP and Sect. of States as well ◦ Booth: shot while house on fire; 4 co-conspirators hanged  United his northern supporters and critics ◦ National symbol of freedom and hero    Courage, dignity, and humility Nation mourns the loss; fury ignites N v. S 3 Philosophies of Lincoln: ◦ A) Democracy: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness is supposed to be guaranteed to any person ◦ B) The Union: “A house divided cannot stand”; always for the preservation of the Union ◦ C) Reuniting the Nation: did not focus on punishing the South, but making the Union whole again How the war changed America forever   620,000+ dead, thousands more wounded ◦ KIA: 360,000 Union, 260,000 Confederates ◦ Wounded: 275,000 Union, 225,000 Confederates ◦ $3.3 billion dollars during the 4 years Originally not as nationalistic as South BUT that changes as the war continues Greater technological prowess Larger population (2:1) More abundant resources Developed new advantages like military leaders Grant and Sherman ◦ Steady leadership of President Lincoln ◦ Emancipation Proclamation ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦  Post War: US federal government assumes national authority; no state secedes again ◦ States’ Rights issue still around ◦ Dominance in the North; Nullification/Secession gone  Increased overall federal powers ◦ War time powers (executive) ◦ Civil liberties limited-13,000 jailed   First ever federal draft (conscription) Abolition: a new meaning to American democracy   Cost of war=staggering for both sides Borrowed money, used bonds, income tax, tariffs, national bank, and paper money ◦ First national bank instituted since Jackson  War profiteers sold goods at high prices  Modernized economy: Gilded Age  Republicans pass economic programs ◦ Inflation creeping, wages don’t keep pace ◦ North booms, South in shambles (12% of nation’s wealth); major economic disparity ◦ Morrill Tariff Act (1861), Homestead Act (1862), Land Grant Act (1862), and Pacific Railway Act (1862)  Military v. Civilian life: find new paths Some war leaders continue military career  Women: new opportunities for public life    ◦ Grant and Lee ◦ Took on men's’ responsibilities during wartime ◦ Ran family businesses/plantations/farms ◦ Fun Fact: several asked for their husbands to come home…reason for Southern desertion New teaching jobs open for women Permanent effects: ◦ Pushed forward the women's rights movement ◦ Development of Nursing profession  Clara Barton, Red Cross 1881  After EP: African Americans can fight ◦ 180,000 volunteer fighters  Dealt with racism in North (low expectations) and did menial tasks ◦ Cooks, cleaning weapons, dig latrines ◦ 3 year battle for equal pay ◦ Exposed battle positions, longest guard duty  What to do about slavery? 13th Amendment ◦ 1864: Rep House passes, Democrat Senate blocks ◦ 1865: Passed with promised favors to D. Senators ◦ “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude…shall exist within the United States”