Chapter 6 - Punishment & Shaping Behaviors - Class Note

Distinguishing Between Stimuli - organisms need to be able to distinguish between stimuli in order to respond approprialely Stimulus discrimination: when an organism learns to respond differently to various Stimull that are similar Stmulus generalization: when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to Stmuli that are Similar to the candioned Stimulus Classical conditioning can also lead to habituation Habituation: learning not to respond to a Stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change La as a stimulus is repeated, we leam not to focus our attenton oni+ Behaviorism • John B. Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of human emotion Lall behavior could be studied as a stimulus-response reaction Labelieved principles of classical conditioning coud be used to condition human emotions L, " lite albert" Operant Conditioning • operant conditioning is a theory proposed by B.F. Skinner • organisms learn to associate a benauor and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment) Libased on the law of effect pleasant consequence/desired result → behavior is more likely to occur again • unpleasant consequence/undesired result → behavior is less likely to occur again Operant conditioning terminology positive- to add something negative- to take something away reinforcement increasing a behavior punishment - decreasing a benavior Conditioning approach classical conditionng • an unconditioned, stimulus is paired with a neutrai stimuus. the neutral stimulus eventually becomes tue conditioned stimulus, which brings about tue conditioned response • the stimulus occurs immediately before the response Stimulus timing aporant conditioning •the target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to enter strengtuen or wearen it, 50 that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired benavior in the future • tue stimulus (reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after twe response painer ox: to shot porn and sang skimang a lever that when pressed causes food to be dispensed as a reward Reinforcement positive reinforcement- something is added to increase the likilhood of a benavior ex: hign grades, paycrecks, praise •negative reinforcement something is removed to increase the likiinoad of a behavior ex: beeping sound that only goes away when you put your seatbelt on Punishment positive punishment. something is added to decrease tue likinod of a behaior ex: scolding a student for texting in class • negative punishment - something is removed to decrease the liklinoodot a benauror ex: taking away favorie toy when child misbehaues Shaping • Shaping is a tool used in operant conditioning • instead of rewarding only the target behavior, we reward successive aproximations of a target behavior - benaviors broken down into many small, achievade Steps - useful wren teaching a complex chain of events - commonty used by animal rainers I. reinforce any response that resembles we desired behavior 2. then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior (no longer reinforce previously reinforced response) 3. then begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired benavior 4. continue to do this until any the desired benaviar is reinforced Primary + Secondary Reinforcers primary reinforcers: those that have innate reinforcing qualities. the value of these reinforcers does not need to be leamed La food, water, sleep sex, pleasure secondary reinforcers: those that have no inherent value. there value is leamt + becomes reinforang when linked with a primary reinforcer - praise (2) is linked w) affection (1**) - money is only ranforang when it can be used to buy things that satisty basic needs or other secondary reinforcers - tokens (ana) used to exchange wul other things