University:
York University
Course:
HH/PSYC 1010 6.00 | Introduction to Psychology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

170

Pages:

3
Author:

Niklas

unleamed behavors Instncts • Reflexes: innate behaviors that organisms are bom with -help organisms adapt to their environment Reflexes: motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus a simpler than instincts involue activity of specific body parts involue primitive centers of the CNS Instincts: behaviors triggered by a broader range of events a more complex einvalve movement of the arganism as a wuhde → involve higher brain centers What is learning? Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience involves acquing skils/ knowledge through experience involves conscious + unconscious processes Associative Leaming: when an organism mares connections between stimull or events +nar accur together in tue environment • 3 approaches to learning (behaviorism): 1. classical conditioning 2. operant conditaning → response associated wi consequence 3. observational learning Classical Conditioning •created by paviov (unexpectedly) Classical conditioning: process by which we leam to associale stimuli, and consequently, to anticipate events • organisms have 2 responses to is enviranment 1. unconditioned respange (unlearned) 2. conditioned response (learned) Before Conditioning- unconditioned stimulus (UCS): Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response unconditioned response (UCR): a natural unlearned reaction to a stimuus Food (UGS) → Saluation (UCR) During conditioning- NeutraI StimulUs (NS): Stimulus that does not naturally ellicit a response the Ns and Us are paired repeatedly Bell (NS) + Food (UCS) → Salivation (UCR) After Conditioning- conditioned stimulus (CS): Stimuus that ellats a response afier repeatedly being paired with an unconditiored Stimulus •conationed response (CR): the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus Bell (CS) → Salivation (CR) Higher - Order Conditioning Higher Order Conditioning: an established conditioned SHmulus is paired with a new neutral simulus (the 2nd order stimulus), so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned SHmUlUs being presented General processes in Classical Conditioning Acquisition: the initial period of reaming when an organism learns to connoct a neutral stimuus + an unconditioned stimuus Lusually requires short time betrueen the Ns and UCS and for the pairing to be repeated multiple times Extinction: decrease in tue conditioned response wnen the UCS is no longer presented with the CS Spontaneous Recovery: the return of a previously extinguished conditioned responge following a rest period