Class Notes on Introduction into Psychology in 2022

What is Psychology? Psych - Soul ology - scientific study of Psychology- scientific study of the mind and behavior - Study everything about human expenence → human brain, consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality and mental healt Psychological Perspectives: Structuralism: Wilhelm wundt (father of psychology) , founded in 1892 charachused or the ersha tino une intospecton. - introspection: process lay which someone examines their own conscious experiences as objectvely possible • functualism: William James - first american psychologist → drew tram tunctionality of cognitive process establishina tunctualism → functualism: empnasized how mental activities contributed to basic environmental survival • Psychoanalysis: sigmund freud (very influential in psychology) → A Gonerai introduction to Psychoanalysis- (his book) shared his ideas about psychoanalytical trerapy (1922) L psychoanalytic theory: perspectue wnch dominated Clinical psychology for decades, Studied hysteria/neurosis, problems came from unconsious mind, mind evaluated through dream analysis focuses on unconscious mind + childhood experiences Gestalt Psychology: Konier, koffka * Werthelmer were german psychologists who immigrated to US. to escape Nazi germany Ul-gestal = whole e sensory experence can be broken down into individual parts how the parts reiate to each other as a whole is what the individual responds to in perception work influences researon on sensation + perception • Ian Paviou (classical conditioning): Studied conditioned reflexes in which an animal produced a reflex response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce same response to a different stimulus that the expenmenter associated wl orignal Stimous • John. B. Watson: Behaviorism father of benautorism believed objective analysis of the mind was impossible focusedon observable behavior+ ways to bring that behavior under control behaviorism is now used in behavioral/cognitive-behauoral therapy little albert experient brought psycrology to business! • B. F. Skinner -concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences studied principles of modifying behauor through reinforcement and punishment which he san as major factors in driving behavior a. operant conditoning Sand Can Rogers Abraham Maslow (Humanism) L proposed a hierarany of human needs in motivating benavior → Masiow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met, higher leuel needs would beginto motivate benaulor 1. self- actualization: inner fulfillment 2. eSteem: self worzh, accompirshment, confidence 3. Social: tamily, triendship, intimacy. belonging 4. security: safety, employment, assets 5. physiological: food, water, Shelter, warmth Carl Rogers (Humanism): - developed a client centered therapy metnod that has been infivential in Clinical Settings L client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session → Rogers believed therapists need: l. unconditional positive regard 2. genuineness 3. етранту neca to actire isfoning The cognitive Revolution: how we think, prodem-solve, decide began in 1950's with emerging technology. lingushes, neuroscience and computer science • mina Nas new focus of scientific inquiry * Noam Chomsky * infivential in cognitive revolution ibelieved psychoiagy needect to incorporate mental functionng into is focus in order to fully understand human benavior Margaret Floy Nasburn: a Is woman to eam doctorate in psychology → researoned animal behavior + published aunoritative text on the subject Contemporany Psychology Biopsychology: Study how the structure + function of the nervous system generate behavor Sensory + motor systems, sleep, drug use tabuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of nervous system. biological correlates of psychological disorders Sensation + Perception: focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems + the psychological experience of sensory information sensation: Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smerl) - perception: experience of the world which is influenced by where we focus our attention, our previous experiences, and our cultural backgrounds Developmental Psychology: Studies physical + mental attributes of aging and maturation various skills acquired through growth (moral reasoning, cognitive Skills, Social Skills) Jean Piaget: famous for theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood Personality Psychology: focuses on benaviors + thought patterns that are unique to caon individual. Studies include conscious + unconscious thinking + identifying personality traits Latest is 5 factor model: main personality test goodness of fit: right person in rignt position (not wore because you enjoy *) Social Psychology: how individuals interact + relate with Others ana how suen interactions canaffect behavior a prejudice, attraction, interpersonal Confucis + Obectience Heal+h Psychology: focuses on how maividual healtn is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sococultural influences biopsychosocial model suggests that health/illness is determined by an interaction or Inese 2 Loctors Clinical Psychdogy: focuses on diagnosis + treatment of psychotogica disorders + problematic pattems of behauror (involves cunical therapy |counseung) cognitive - behavioral inerapists take cognitire process + behaviors into account When providing psychotherapy Sports + Exercise Psychology: psychological aspects regarding sports + physical performance. includes motivation, performance anxiety + general mental well-being Forensic Psychology: dealing with justice system Lincludes assessments of individuais mental competency to stand in trial. Sentencing + treatment suggestions , advisement regarding eyenutness testimonies Lostrong understanding of legal system Careers in Psychology •most require pho or masters degree Lindiviquals wI a PhD have a wide variety of employment options