Organic Compounds

Organic compounds: Hydro-carbon chain: when you have carbon bonded to hydrogen. Carbon-skeletons have an organic backbone, and that backbone of carbon is known as carbon skeleton. Carbon skeleton comes in different forms, such as straight form, ring form, branched form, and it can have single and double bonds. Isomers: have the same molecular formula, but different structural arrangement. Organic compounds have carbon based compounds and carbon skeletons, as well as a functional group stuck to them. Functional group: a specific combination of bonded atoms that bind to the carbon skeleton in a reaction, and they will always react the same way in a solution. Functional groups: ● Hydrooxyl- oxygen bonded to a hydrogen ● Polar- present in sugars and some acids. Whenever you see oxygen, polarity is always with it ● Carbonine- carbon double bonded to an oxygen ● Carboxyl- carbon single bonded to hydroge, and carbon double bonded to oxygen. It is in the amino aicds, because all amino acids have the carboxyl function in them. Carboxyl acts as an acid by giving hydrogen ions ● Amino functional group- 1 nitrogen bonded to 1 hydrogen Basic structure of amino acid: 1 amino functional with carboxyl and carbon attached All amino acids have the same basis structure, but all amino acids have a different “R” group ● Phosphate functional group: phosphate bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms. ● Methyl functional group- carbon single bonded to hydrogen. It is bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms and is NONPOLAR ATP is the currency of our cells. ATP consists of 3 phosphate groups, ribose and adenine. ADP+R (inorganic phosphate)+phosphate= ATP Phosphilation- adhesion of a phosphate to ADP to make ATP Dehydration & hydrolysis: Dehydration: when your body is losing water. Putting monomers together to make polymers. Monomers: micromolecules, polymers macromoelcules. Synthesis of polymers: putting monomers together through the dehdraytyion reaction. Hydrolysis: break down of polymers into monomers. hydro=water lysis=break down Dehydration makes polymers, hydrolysis breaks down polymers Carbohydrates and different types: 1. Monosacchride. Single sugar. The structure is glucose-fructose-isomers. Glucose and fructose= isomers of each other. Lactose is made up of milk/sugar Examples: glucose, fructose and lactose 2. Dissachrides. Made up of 2 monosacchrides. Example: sucrose, sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose and lactose. Lactose is made up of galacose and glucose. Maltose is made up glucose and glucose. When you eat, dissachrides helps break them down into monosacchrides, then enzyme will break down into glucose and fructose. Lactose enzyme will break down into glucose and galatose. Maltose enzyme will break down into maltose. ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES. Enzymes work at a very specific pH and temperature, if pH or temperature is disrupted then enzymes can NOT function. 3. Polysacchrides- many monosacchrides together. First polysacchride is starch. For starch glucose comes together. Enzyme to break down starch: amylase Starch is the storage form of polysacchrides in plants. Glycogen- storage form of polysacchrides in animals. Incolens job is to make sure glucose is provided to every cell in human body 4. Cellulose- hardy polysacchride because of its trcuture, it has a wired-shaoed structure, found in cell wall of plants. Cellulace enzyme is used to break down cellulose 5. Chitin- last polysacchride. Chitinace enzyme is used to break down chitin. It is in the cell wall of fungi. Proteins: The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Example-hemoglobin. The structure of proteins is known as polypeptide structure, which means when you put many amino acids together. Peptide bond is the bond between 1 amino acid and another amino acid. 2 peptides is dipeptides. Functions of proteins: Collagen, keratin, enzymes, transport proteins, immunoglobulin, muscle proteins, hormones, blood clotting, octin and myosin: muscle movement Strcuture of proteins: found in 4 structures. 1. Primary: determined by the sequins of amino acids 2. Secondary: divided into alpha and beta, determined by hydrogen bonding between amino acids, resulting in 2 different forms of alpha & beta 3. Tertiary: interaction between R group with other bonds 4. Quantary: interactions between 2 or more polypeptide knits Lipids Lipids: all lipids are hydrophobic. Phospholipids are in the cell wall. Cell membrane is made up of phospholipids. Fats are also known as trylisids. 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. When you have carbon attached to hydro-carbon chain Fatty acids: fat is for long term energy storage, if you dont eat fat will be broken down. Athere is the back bone of glycerol with 3 chains for fatty acids. Saturated fat: all carbon are binded to hydrogen, every carbon has hydrogen attached to it. It is solid form at room temperature Unsaturated fat: there are double bonds between caebon and carbon, it is in a liquid form at room temperature 1. Phospholipids. Plasthma membrane- a boundary that’s surrounding our cell and heaping the internal and external environemnt away from each other. Plasthma membrane is made up of 2 phospholipids. Phospholipids are made up of glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains. The glycerol acid is the head part, fatty acid is the tales part. The head (glycerol) is hydrophilic, the tales (fatty acids) are hydrophobic. The Plasthma membrane has 2 layers coming together, the heads are always faxing water, tailes are hiding from water 2. Steroids: lipids, their structure is a 4 fused carbon ring structure High/low cholesterol- bad. Cholesterol is imortaing for making estrogen for females and testeroteone for males. Cholesterol must be poresent for the synthesis of hormones. 3. Nucleic Acid: there are 2 types of nucelic acids, DNA and RNA. RNA and DNA are made up of nucleotides. Many nucleotides come together to form dna and rna. The backbone is made up of sugar and phosphate. Contemeprary base means cytosine will base with guanine and adenine will base with thymine when DNA is duplicated.