Cell Structure, Microscopes, and Organelles

Cell- the structural and functional unit of the body Cell theory- cells are the most basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-exisiting cells, and all organisms have 1 or more cells in them Robert Hooke created the first microscope in 1519. Different parts to a microscope are the eyepiece to see, roating head piece red 4x lowest power, yellow 10x and blue 40x highest power Compound light microscope electron Light bulb used as a source of illumination Beam of electrons Less expensive and less magnficiation and resolution Much more expensive higher magnification and resolution The con of an electron microscope is that you cannot see living things. Transmission, passes through the specimen, and scanning passes through the surface prokaryotic eukaryotic Simple cell Complex cell No membrane bound organelles Distinct nucleus No distinct nucleus Membrane bound organelles Animal cell Plant cell lysosome No lysosome No chloropast chloropost No cell wall Has a cell wall Similarities: both have mitochondria Nucleus Nuclear envelope is the membrane surrounding the inner and outer nucleus. DNA is able to fit into the nucleus, despite it being extremely tiny because it wraps itself around the histone protein. The DNA that doesn’t make copies is a chromatin, it is nondividing, in a dividing cell it is chromosome. 46 chromosomes in the human body, 23 sperm 23 egg. Somatic cells and reproductive cells. Examples of somatic cells are cheek cells etc R-RNA is synthesized in the nucleolus but assembled in the cytoplassum MRNA- messenger, sends messages from DNA to the cytoplassum RRNA- ribsomal rna. 2 subunits, large and small tRNA- transfers amino acids Ribosomes- the synthesis of proteins 2 locations of ribsomes- bound to the rough endoplasmic reitculum and free floating in the cytoplassum Function- the synthesis of proteins Endomembrane system is the system inside the cell, Endoplasmic reitculum Falttened sacs and tubules. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum sotrages calcium in the muscle cell, the synthesis of phospholipids and the detoxification of the liver Rough er- modifcation and packaging protein and senindg it to its next location Glycoprotein is protein attached to a carbohydrate Golgi Appartus Known as the warehouse of cells because this is where cells are modified, packaged, labeled and dispatched received- cis Transferred, trans Vessciles are made out of the sac of golgi apparatus Lysosome The vesicles made out of the sac of golgi. Anything that comes in contact with lysosome is broken down because it has the hydroelectric enzymes in it Appotopsis- suicdie Endocytosis- the process through which things come inside the cell Excocytosisp the process through which things leave the cell Phagocystosis is solid, phenocytosis is liquid Peroxysosome- fatty acids being broken down. Break down of hydrogen perioxisde combine with catzyled Mitochondria Known as the powerhouse of the cell because it includes cellular respiration. Uses oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, converts chemical energy of food to chemical energy of atp. Chloroplast is only in plant cells, but mitochd=ondria is in both plant and animal cells. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast Plasma Membrane The boundary separating the internal and external environment, head is hydropholic and tail is hydrophobic fatty acid. Water is also transported through the plasma membrane. The bilayer layer is 2 phospholipids coming together, heads facing water and tails hiding from the water, proteins 4 transportation and cholesterol for fluidity Cytoskeleton- the skeleton of a cell. Microtubule- thickest filament, intermediet, and mcrofillment thinet Microtubule is made up of tubulin protein