Emphysema, Extreme Obesity, or Narcotic Overdose 26 Answer Key

1. Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose a. Metabolic alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis 2. Dissociate into ions in water a. Intracellular b. Extracellular c. Electrolytes d. Interstitial 3. The main fluid compartment located within the cell a. Extracellular b. Intracellular c. Interstitial d. Electrolytes 4. poSsibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus a. Respiratory alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis 5. Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack a. Respiratory alkalosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis 6. Magnesium excess a. Hyperkalemia b. Hyponatremia c. Hypernatremia d. Hypermagnesemia 7. Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids a. Metabolic alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis 8. Do not dissociate in solution a. Nonelectrolytes b. Intracellular c. Electrolytes d. Extracellular 9. The main fluid compartment outside the cells a. Extracellular b. Nonelectrolytes c. Interstitial d. Intracellular 10. Fluid in the space between cells a. Extracellular b. Electrolytes c. Intracellular d. Interstitial 11. Urine output is the number one cause of water loss. Which is the number 2 cause? a. Sensible water loss (loss of water through skin and lungs) 12. The two main fluid compartments within the body are ____ and ___ a. Intracellular and extracellular 13. When ADH levels are low, the kidney produce _____urine a. diluted/clear/large volume 14. The normal urine pH is a. 5-7 b. 3-5 c. 8-10 d. 1-3 15. According the lab manual, the average GHP is a. 40 mmhg b. 10 mmhg c. 1.25 mmhg d. 50 mmhg 16. Which molecule goes in readily secreted in the renal tubules a. Glucose b. Water c. Uric acid d. Amino acid 17. The product found in urine with the highest concentration is a. Creatinine b. Protein c. Urea d. Glucose 18. Color, clarity, and sometimes odor: are reported under: a. Mechanical properties b. Microscopic properties c. Chemical properties d. Physical properties 19. Ketones are associated with a. Lipids b. Proteins c. Sugars d. Nucleic acids 20. Alkalemia is most likely observed in which pH levels a. 6-7 b. 7-8 c. 1-2 d. 5 or below 21. Which of the following is readily reabsorbed by the renal tubules a. Creatinine b. Glucose c. Lipids d. Uric acid 22. Which of the following has the least amount of molecules involved a. Filtration b. Secretion c. Reabsorption d. Excretion 23. If the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is 50 and the sum of the COP and CHP is 40, then what is the NFP a. 90 mmhg b. .80 mmhg c. 10 mmhg d. 1.25 mmhg 24. Discuss the concentration gradients that are found in medullary tissue. What terms are used to describe it, how it is generated/preserved and its purpose a. The medullary osmotic concentration gradient has a high a low concentration increase from the outer portions of the medulla to the inner portions of the medulla. This gradient is established by the COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER, which consists of the Nephron loop reabsorbing water at the descending limb and reabsorbing NaCl at the ascending limb. The COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER, which consists of the VASA RECTA, maintains the osmotic gradient. This occurs in the JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS, which have loops that are longer. 25. Discuss the ten chemistry tests done in a urinalysis a. Ph test - acidosis/acedmema, high = alkalosis b. Leukocytes test- detects presence of WBC which indicates a UTI c. Protein - indicates kidney trauma d. Blood- indicates possible damage to kidneys e. specific gravity - high levels indicate dehydration, low levels indication overhydration f. Ketones -presence indicates starvation, diabetes, and ketosis g. Glucose- high amounts indicate Diabetes h. Bilirubin- presence indicates liver issues i. Urobilinogen - low levels indicates liver j. Nitrates- indicates UTI 26. What substances, according to your lab manual, are normally uptaken during tubular reabsorption and what substances are excreted during tubular secretion? a. Tubular reabsorption: water, amino acids, glucose, sodium b. Tubular secretion: uric acid, creatinine, urea 27. The kidney will mostly remove substances that can be described as a. Water solubles b. Proteins c. Alcohol solubles d. Water insolubles 28. Which section of the renal tubules & collecting duct is the last to perform secretion? (secretary aspects of urine formation) a. Ascending limb b. Collecting tubule c. Distal tubule d. Proximal tubule 29. Reabsorption and secretion occur at the a. Renal tubules b. Renal corpuscle c. Glomerulus d. Bowman's capsule 30. Discuss the 3 steps of urine formation in great detail a. 1: Glomerular Filtration. Occurs in the filtered through the filtration membrane. Most water and small solutes are filtered b. 2. Tubular Reabsorption. Occurs in the renal tubules. Most reabsorption takes place PCT. Little reabsorption occurs in the DCT, depends on body needs c. 3. Tubular secretion. Occurs in DCT and collecting duct. Selected substances are secreted as HCO3,, H+, urea, water, etc 31. Discuss the different forces acting on the glomerulus that can influence GFR and NFP. What are these forces and how do they affect the GFR and NFP? a. 3 forces are acting on the glomerulus: i. 1 glomerular hydrostatic Pressure (pressure that pushes ii. 2 colloid osmotic pressure (pressure in glomerular capillaries water and solutes OUT of the glomerulus) that PULLS water and solutes back into glomerulus iii. 3. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (pressure in the space of the Bowman's capsule that pushes water and solutes back into the glomerulus