University:
Amherst College
Course:
BIOL 104 | Food, Fiber, and Pharmaceuticals
Academic year:

2021
Views:

200

Pages:

28
Author:

niewszytez7o

Wake up! Sucrose = fructose + glucose Acer saccharum (Aceraceae) sugar maple Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae--grass) sugar cane Maple sap: ca. 3% sugar Acer saccharum (Aceraceae) sugar maple Agave tequilana (Agavaceae) Blue Agave Cane juice: ca. 22% sugar ~40 gallons sap for 1 gallon syrup Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae) sugar beets Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae--grass) sugar cane Wake up! What are some stimulating beverages? What are some stimulating beverages? Coffee (mainly Coffea arabica: Rubiaceae)--Africa Tea (Camellia sinensis: Theaceae)--China Cocoa (Theobroma cacao: Sterculiaceae)--South America Kola (Cola nitida: Sterculiaceae)--West Africa Guaraná (Paullinia cupana: Sapindaceae)--South America Mate (Ilex paraguariensis: Aquifoliaceae)--South America What makes a beverage stimulating? What makes a beverage stimulating? Caffeine What makes a beverage stimulating? Caffeine • Central nervous system stimulant: cross blood-brain barrier • Caffeine in cup of coffee reaches bloodstream 5 minutes after ingestion • Caffeine as deterrent to insects in plants: secondary compound Drink 5-oz. cup coffee 5-oz. cup tea 6-oz. hot cocoa 12-oz. coca-cola Caffeine in mg Drink Caffeine in mg 5-oz. cup coffee 146 5-oz. cup tea 20-50 6-oz. hot cocoa 10 12-oz. coca-cola 34 Coffee • Earliest records from Ethiopia • Consumption of mixture of roasted or green fruits and fat to reduce fatigue and hunger • First brewed in Ethiopia • Each fruit has two seeds or “beans” • Three species: most common is Coffea arabica; also C. canephora (robusta) and C. liberica. Coffee Coffea arabica Coffee Coffee • Arab monopoly on coffee trade (seed sterilization) until Dutch • One or few seeds/cuttings of C. arabica used to start coffee plantations around world Coffee • Arab monopoly on coffee trade (seed sterilization) until Dutch • One or few seeds/cuttings of C. arabica used to start coffee plantations around world • Successful introductions due to: self-compatibility & self-fertilization • Processing: depulping, washing, fermentation, drying, roasting • 2000 beans to make one pound of roasted, ground coffee • Brazil is the world’s largest coffee producer, followed by Vietnam and Colombia Tea: Camellia sinensis • Origin: China/India --eastern Himalayas • Instant water purification: with boiling but also phenolics (tannins, a type of secondary compound); kill disease causing bacteria • Important in Buddhist rituals • Tea used as currency Tea: Camellia sinensis • Introduced by Dutch to England • British introduced Chinese tea varieties into India • Ceylon tea from Sri Lanka • Most tea grown by cuttings • China world’s largest tea producer, India second • Same species: types of tea from differential processing Mate (Yerba mate)--Ilex paraguariensis • Used by Native Americans in South America • Leaves of Ilex paraguariensis dried and crushed • Drink from hollowed gourd with boiling water; straw filters out small leaf particles “I reached the place of our bivouac by sunset, and drinking much mate, soon made up my bed the night. The wind was very strong and cold, but I never slept more comfortably” Charles Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, 1836 Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) • Native American of Amazonian regions • Caffeine-rich seeds • Seeds dried and roasted; crushed with water and cassava into paste • Paste or powder mixed with water as drink Kola (Cola nitida) •Native to west Africa •Kola seeds contain caffeine •Seeds historically chewed •Seeds dried, then chewed or made into powder that is mixed with boiling water •Used to flavor Coca-cola • Pharmacist--patent medicine; quack remedy • Coca: alkaloid drug cocaine, stimulant effect as caffeine in small doses • Soda water flavoring; bitterness reduced with sweetener • Created as a result of temperance movement (no alcohol)

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