Evidence for Evolution Graphic Organizer

Evidence for Evolution Graphic Organizer Directions: Use chapter 22 in your online textbook to help you create an outline of the main lines of evidence for evolution. You must include the information listed under each heading, but you are welcome and encouraged to add more detail. Tips ● ● ● Keep it concise Define important terms Include examples/pictures _____________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence: Direct Observation ● ● What is meant by direct observation? ○ Direct observation is when a person watches their environment without changing anything, just visually gathering information/data. ○ Ex. Darwin and the finches ○ Provide an brief overview of the two examples given in the book – soapberry bugs and drug-resistant bacteria Soapberry bugs- Natural selection edits it, does not create it. So, the drug selects for resistant bugs that are already can resist pathogens, and they will survive. The ones who cannot resist pathogens will unfortunately die. The ones that do live will reproduce and overtime, that population would be the majority. Drug-resistant bacteria: Drug-resistant pathogens resist strains and they can grow very quickly. S.aureus strain, 20% of them, were resistant to penicillin because they were able to destroy it. That is why they have to have different drugs made each year, like the flu shot so we can build immunity to it. Evidence: Homology – Anatomy ONLY ● What is meant by homology? ○ Homology is shared ancestry ● ● ● Define homologous structures and vestigial structures. How do the presence of these structures support the theory of evolution? ○ Homologous structures stem from a common ancestor ○ Vestigial structures are structures that no longer have a use, but we still have them such as tailbone, wisdom teeth. ○ These help support the theory of evolution because it shows that species have evolved overtime and because they live in different areas, they developed slightly different structures, but it shows that they come from a common ancestor. For vestigial structures, it just shows that they had a use but since they evolved, they no longer have a use for those structures. Why do analogous structures provide support for evolution but are NOT an example of homology? ○ Analogous structures provide support for evolution because it shows that other species have similar functions but they are not related to each other in any form, or share a common ancestor. It shows that similar environments can make similar adaptations. It is not an example of homology because analogous structures do not come from the same common ancestor. Give specific examples Evidence: Homology – Embryology and DNA ONLY ● ● ● ● What is meant by homology? ○ Homology shows that they have the same structure Define embryology. How does homology in embryology support the theory of evolution? ○ Embryology is the study of embryos and embryology supports the theory of evolution because it shows that every living thing possesses a common ancestor. Ot shows how embryos develop differently over time. How does DNA evidence help scientists determine evolutionary relationships? ○ DNA evidence helps scientists determine relationships by showing how they coded and have acquired new functions. Give specific examples. ○ Similarities in Chick embryo and human embryo ○ Turtle and human and fish and salamander ○ Evidence: Biogeography ● ● ● What is meant by biogeography? ○ Biogeography is the study of the past and present geographic distribution of species. What types of patterns arise in the distribution of species geographically? How does continental drift and evolution explain these patterns? ○ The types of patterns that arise in the distribution of the species like continental drift. This explains evolution because it shows that those continents who moved towards warmer climates had species that developed different characteristics. Whereas the continents who moved towards colder climates, had different adaptations. Give specific examples (ex. The Wallace Line). ○ The Appalachians ○ The mesosaurus Evidence: Artificial Selection ● What is meant by artificial selection? ○ Artificial selection is when humans breed individuals for desired traits. ● ● How did Darwin use artificial selection to explain how the process of evolution by natural selection could work? ○ Darwin reasoned that artificial selection could bring dramatic change in a short amount of a time. Thus, in natural selection, it changes over a long time. Give specific examples. ○ Long necks for giraffes ○ There are humans who are immune to malaria ○ The peppered moth Evidence: Fossil Record ● ● ● ● What are fossils and how are they formed? Mention the specific type of rock. ○ Fossils are the remains or traces of an organism from the past. A lot of fossils are found in sedimentary rock which is composed of sand and mud that sink to the bottom of seas, lakes, swamps, and other aquatic habitats. How is the age of a fossil determined? Explain relative vs. absolute dating. ○ The age of the fossil is determined by relative or absolute dating. Relative dating compares the fossils to other similar known rocks and fossils ages. Absolute dating is the precise dating of a fossil by using radiometric dating to measure decay. How does evolution explain the presence of extinct animals in the record? Transitional species? ○ It explains the presence of extinct animals because it shows how they were like before the species disappeared. Transitional species’ fossils show that they were in between states between their ancestral form and the new form. Give specific examples. ○ Dinosaur remains ○ Eohippus---> modern Equus