Personality Psychology Study Materials

Which of the following attributes seem to be consistently related to being a good judge of personality? conscientiousness and intelligence A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach. many-trait The study of mean-level changes in personality across the life span suggests which of the following? Mean-level changes in personality traits occur across the life span. In order to alleviate the effects of bias in employment testing, employers might want to use ________ because they typically do not show racial or ethnic differences. tests of conscientiousness Which correlates of delay of gratification were common in both girls and boys? being reflective, reasonable, and able to plan ahead What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments? interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction Which of the following traits would be hardest to judge? emotional stability the lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being the _________. higher your score is on neuroticism Early research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was ________. none of the above In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with ________. was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner When Sam argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position. constructivist What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect? The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality. The most important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the________. general patterns that emerge One difficulty that early researchers encountered in identifying the good judge of personality was that ________. a good judge in one context was not always a good judge in other contexts Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as _________ at age 3. guilty and anxious How should you act in everyday life according to the "transparent self" theory of psychological health? Conceal very little from those around you. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness? high IQ Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes? conscientiousness What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)? The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not. The judgments other people make of your personality may affect ________. all of the above According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably. consensus; accuracy A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a ________ approach. essential-trait According to a recent study described in the textbook, which of the following is accurate about people who describe themselves as "a good judge of personality"? Such people are no more accurate than others at judging personality. A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of personality improves accuracy. According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn from this literature? The results of the existing studies are mixed. A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a ________. moderator According to the text, sex differences in the personality correlates of delay of gratification are likely attributable to sex differences in ________. socialization practices A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the ________. observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged Personality traits are generally consistent across the life span, but this consistency increases with age. This statement best reflects which principle of personality development? cumulative According to evolutionary theory, humans should be able to judge the trait of ________ more accurately than other traits that are less important for the survival of the species. sociosexuality Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder's theory, Julie would most likely be ________. a high self-monitor Which trait is linked to reduced creativity in group problem-solving tasks? conscientiousness The rank-order stability of personality is highest in which of the following periods of development? adulthood The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that ________. researchers lacked a consensual criteria for determining the accuracy of a personality judgment According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship? sociosexuality According to the text, which three personality types are the most replicable? well-adjusted/under controlled/over controlled What are essential traits according to Jack Block? ego control/ego resiliency Research on intellectual and social expectancies demonstrates that ________. other people's perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what you do The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree. trait; typological Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________. the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences A professor has been married for 10 years but her husband has never seen her give a lecture. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the accurate prediction of her behavior during lectures? Her students will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior in lecture. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy? the age of the target of the judgment According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do. a strong situation Imagine that Sally thinks she can judge Charlie's personality better than Lucy's personality. According to a recent study, which statement is most correct? Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie. What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment? relevance/availability/detection/utilization What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen? positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint What is another name for ego resiliency? psychological adjustment What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck? neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring. easier to judge Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best? face-to-face interviews Andersen (1984) found that the quality of information affected the accuracy of personality judgments. According to the results of this study, information obtained from which actions would most likely lead to a social impression that corresponded to the target's self-assessment? listening to the target describe his or her thoughts and feelings Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one most responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior? entitlement/exploitativeness According to Jack Block, ego ________ gets people into trouble, but ego ________ gets people out of trouble. undercontrol; resiliency A recent study found that women are more accurate than men in judging others. What was the explanation for this finding? Women are better than men at knowing what the average person is like. The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ________. higher your score is on neuroticism George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________. b. build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world What is a primary goal of the biological approach to personality? . understanding the heritability of behavior and personality What is a primary goal of the learning and cognitive approaches to personality? measuring and conceptualizing individual differences Which part of the psychological triad corresponds to cognitions about the self? thoughts Which of the following is an expression of Funder's First Law? Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways. Is narcissism always a bad trait to have? No, narcissists are persuasive, but they also act unethically. _______ theories of personality apply the insights and methods derived from the study of perception, memory, and thought to the study of personality. Cognitive Personality psychology shares with clinical psychology________. a common obligation to try to understand the whole person What is one of personality psychology's biggest advantages over other areas of psychology? It has a mission to account for the psychology of whole persons. Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad? psychological health What is a primary goal of the psychoanalytic approach to personality? understanding mental conflicts Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm c. behaviorist Personality psychology has a variety of theoretical perspectives that are sometimes seen as competing with each other. Regarding this diversity, what is a major theme of this textbook? Great strengths are usually great weaknesses. According to the text, personality's greatest strength, understanding whole persons, is also its greatest weakness. Which term describes this fundamental observation? Funder's First Law Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality? assessment Personality psychologists adhering to the ________ approach focus on psychic energy, the workings of the unconscious mind, and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict. psychoanalytic Advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically ________. claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ________, whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ________. different from each other; similar to each other Which of the following is one of the basic approaches to personality? psychoanalytic Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________. all of the above Personality psychologists who adhere to the ________ approach focus on identifying, conceptualizing, and measuring the ways in which people differ psychologically from one another. trait The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to _____ expand the range of data you consider What is a primary goal of the biological approach to personality understanding the heritability of behavior and personality the personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm behaviorist The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hardworking job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individua trait Which subfield of psychology has the greatest overlap with personality psychology? clinical Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________ are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will Which of the following is NOT a reason that older people believe their personalities are more consistent than those of younger people? hey have more wealth accumulated. Which conclusion follows from Funder's analysis of the person-situation debate? One behavioral response does not fit all people in every situation. Which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument? Persons and situations interact to predict behavio In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________. behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality trait According to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on behavior and Scud missiles, situations ________. seem to have inconsistent effects Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors? Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors. The avoidance of drug abuse is associated with what trait? conscientiousness Situationism is the position that ________. the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited According to the text, which of the following characteristics is positively associated with personality consistency? general mental health Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely to be the most talkative at the department of motor vehicles (DMV). Which of the following terms describes this principle? relative consistency Which of the following is NOT one of the responses to the situationist argument? Personality researchers worked harder to find single traits that could strongly predict single responses at a particular point in time. Which of the following was NOT one of the types of data that Mischel compared to one another? S data and S data Based on recent research, what activity might signal a major concern when selecting a stockbroker? evidence that the broker loses big money at poker games The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been to ________. determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100 percent, and then assign that value to the situation Which of the following terms describes the notion that people act differently in different situations? inconsistency Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer concluded that ________. both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation interaction? People generally prefer situations that are pleasant. Citizenship behavior at work is predicted by which trait? conscientiousness In order to improve personality research, researchers can ________. d. all of the above Mischel originally argued that personality coefficients seldom exceed ________, whereas subsequent situationists raised that estimate to ________. .30; .40 Based on recent research, what is likely to happen when an aggressive person plays a competitive multiplayer video game? The aggressive person will evoke aggression from the other players The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been to ________. determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100 percent, and then assign that value to the situation Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate? Walter Mische Historically, personality psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of personality variables, whereas social psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of situational variables. effect size; statistical significance According to recent research, individuals high in ________ might actually be more consistent. consistency seeking Happiness is associated with what trait extraversion Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors? Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the influence of values that contribute to a situationist vs. a pro-personality position? Attributing actions to personality implies that people are responsible for their circumstances. A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________. . as an example of a very small effect size A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________. Measuring something important What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have ________. causal force In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________. consistency; accuracy ________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance. L ________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does. B As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data. experience sampling According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation? expectancy effect A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data. experimental B What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? performance-based personality tests When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST trustworthy? S A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________. construct validation Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design. correlational In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The observation of participants' speed of walking would be considered ________ data. experimental B According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________. errors; biases What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure? Read and consider the content of the items. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data? a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________. test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect. expectancy Reliability is ________ for validity. a necessary but not sufficient condition Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data? Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. A major advantage of S data is that ________. ou are the world's best expert about your own personality Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable? L What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure? Read and consider the content of the items. According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research? Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts. The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________ it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data. experimental B One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create? Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms. Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement? aggregation I data are ________. judgments made by knowledgeable observers To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ________ data. S Currently, the consensus among most personality researchers is that there are ________ fundamental personality traits. 5 If you were to fully develop a personality test without even looking at the item content, you would be using the ________ method of test construction. empirical The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item ________. . discriminates between two known groups A psychologist administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) asks respondents to ________. tell stories about pictures that the psychologist shows them If a test consists of a list of True/False questions and is graded using a computer-scored answer sheet, then it is a(n) ________. objective tes What is the most common method of test construction? rational Factor analysis can ________. identify groups of items that go together What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits? omnibus inventories Assume that you are studying 200 participants, all of whom are sick. An experimental drug is given to 100 of them; the other 100 are given nothing. If the correlation between taking the drug and living is .26, then ________ percent of those who got the drug would still be alive at the end of the study. 63 The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether ________. they are answered differently by different kinds of people Inventories derived from the empirical method sometimes have items that seem strange or even objectionable to test takers ________. because those items correlated with outcomes of interest to the test developers Imagine that you could draw a line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y that slopes upward from left to right. Which of the following is a possible value for the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data 1.0 Which of the following is good practice for interpreting a correlation? finding a method that demonstrates the size of the correlation in a concrete manner According to the text, what is the best approach to test construction? a combination of all three approaches Recent research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that ________ controlled" aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data, but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects can be more accurately predicted using B data When evaluated as psychometric instruments, most projective tests ________. do not fare very well Personality assessment would be relevant to which of the following constructs? all of the above Integrity tests administered in employment screening provide good measures of ________. conscientiousness Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction. empirical Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction.. rational If you were shown an inkblot and asked to describe what you saw, you would be taking the ________. Rorschach test The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests. consensus validation If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ________. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences Which of the following is NOT a typical argument used to justify deception in psychological research? The use of deception actually educates participants about ethical concerns in research. Inventories derived from the empirical method sometimes have items that seem strange or even objectionable to test takers ________. because those items correlated with outcomes of interest to the test developers The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item ________. discriminates between two known groups What is the most common method of test construction? rational What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions? First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity. A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the ________. observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably. consensus; accuracy Judgments other people make of your personality are known as your ________. reputation Judgments of your personality by others ________ both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like People who enjoy reflective, complex music tend to be higher in what trait imagination Drawing on research described in the text, what would be a reasonable prediction about a group of introverts who are instructed to act extraverted for a week? they will report being tired and depleted from the effort Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy? the age of the target of the judgment Which of the following is the strongest situation using the psychological definition of a strong situation funeral One difficulty that early researchers encountered in identifying the good judge of personality was that ________. a good judge in one context was not always a good judge in other contexts Recent research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was ________. agreeable Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment? You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious. Which of the following is an aspect of the "good" trait? visibility Which of the following is an example of interjudge agreement in the context of accuracy judgments? Your friends' ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents' ratings. Consider the following scenario: A child cries for his father to take him to the park while they are at the library. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of the child's openness to experience might fail? Important cues for openness are not displayed. Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best face-to-face interviews According to the text, if peers based judgments on reputation and not observation, then researchers should find ________. equal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect? The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality. Imagine that you are at a party, and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment. Utilization Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________. expectancy effects According to research described in the textbook, about how often did the more "competent" looking candidate win in the 2004 senate races? 70 percent of the time A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the ________. observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged Which was NOT one of the areas in which people made reasonably accurate judgments, based only on looking at someone's face? number of children According to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely ________. previous observations of behavioral tendencies How should you act in everyday life according to the "transparent self" theory of psychological health? Conceal very little from those around you. According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do. a strong situation What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)? The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not. Consider the following scenario: A person sits quietly during a classroom lecture. Which of the following represents the most likely reason that accurate judgment of extraversion might fail? The situation doesn't allow for the display of extraversion. What psychological theme is related to the oral stage? dependency According to Freud, the superego develops during the ________ stage of psychosexual development, and the ego develops during the ________ stage. . phallic; anal Bob's therapist started to develop feelings of anger toward Bob during their therapy sessions. What term describes this process? transference Tracy has an important test tomorrow. She knows she should study for the test but she really wants to go to Greg's party. However, when she considers not studying and going to the party she feels guilty. Tracy therefore decides to stay home and study for the test. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tracy's ________ superego won out over her id Freud's theory is often criticized for lacking all of the following EXCEPT ________. in-depth observation and analysis of the individual What type of primary process thinking refers to the instance where one image represents multiple thoughts, memories, and emotions? ondensation In the last two years, Marcus has had more than three dozen sexual partners. Marcus has likely developed a fixation in the ________. phallic stage Mark does not study for an exam and consequently flunks it. He confronts his professor and explains that he expects a higher grade because he "deserves" great grades. Freud would classify Mark as a(n) ________ character. oral Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's major stages of psychosexual development? oral, anal, phallic, genital Baby Jessica's parents respond to her every need as soon as she cries. Freud would predict that, as an adult, Jessica will ________. be passive According to Freud, the internal structure of the mind consists of ________. the id, ego, and superego According to the textbook, the result of the compromise between the id, the ego, and the superego is what ________. the person consciously thinks and how he or she behaves Jason is playing with his brother's new skateboard when he runs it into a wall and breaks it into pieces. Psychoanalysts would maintain that the destruction of the skateboard was ________. probably determined by some unconscious desire in Jason to ruin his brother's new toy What is the current status of Freud's idea that psychic energy is limited? The newer idea suggests it is the mind's processing capacity rather than psychic energy that is limited. Sandy accidentally broke her roommate's favorite coffee mug. The idea that Sandy's behavior was not an accident and instead had a direct cause is the idea of ________. psychic determinism Allen has just ended his relationship with his longtime girlfriend, Katy. According to the doctrine of opposites, Allen will respond to the breakup by ________. tries to satisfy urges while acknowledging the constraints of the real world According to Freud, the ego ________. d. beginning to despise Katy What marks the end of the latency stage? puberty The therapeutic technique that involves instructing the patient to say whatever comes to mind is called free association Dave asks Sarah to think about what she did at 7:00 P.M. the night before. What level of consciousness is Sarah experiencing? d. preconscious mind According to the text, the four key ideas of psychoanalytic theory are ________ c. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism Based on the text, what aspect of Freud's theory provides evidence to support the claim that Freud and psychoanalysis are sexist? the idea that the side effects of being female include having less self-esteem, less creativity, and less moral fibe Tracy has an important test tomorrow. She knows she should study for the test but she really wants to go to Greg's party. However, when she considers not studying and going to the party she feels guilty. Tracy therefore decides to stay home and study for the test. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tracy's __ superego won out over her id According to Freud, the physical focus of the phallic stage is the penis for both boys and girls What psychological theme is related to the oral stage? dependency The basic developmental task of the phallic stage is ________. the acquisition of gender identity Generally speaking, what is the function of a parapraxis? to manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior Psychoanalysis is often criticized for its ________, however, recent research demonstrates its perceived ________. low cure rate; long-term effectiveness Which of the following aspects of Freud's theory was LEAST developed the death instinct Mike's ideal mate is sensitive and intelligent. Mike's idealized image of a woman is his ________. anima According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a transitional object is to ________. compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all of the time Adler felt that ________ was an important motivator of human thought and behavior. Social Interest What is the anima? a man's idealized conception of women According to D. W. Winnicott, a niffle is a(n) ________. transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality A key theme of object relations theory is that ________. every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler? organ inferiority Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience? generativity vs. stagnation According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a false self is to ________ protect the true self by keeping it invisible Jamal is entering his freshman year of high school. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jamal is likely to face a(n) ________. identity crisis Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother? avoidant Javier commonly asserts his dominance to his peers by picking fights or showing off how much weight he can lift at the gym. What kind of overcompensating behavior is Javier displaying? masculine protest Major differences between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory are Erikson's ideas regarding ________. the role and pervasiveness of conscious conflict From the perspective of object relations theory, what is the purpose of psychotherapy? o help minimize the difference between the true and false selves One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians ________. put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships In psychoanalytic terms, objects are ________.. emotionally important people and relationships in one's life Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is ________. experiencing the masculine protest Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________. lack of power and control in society Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience? generativity vs. stagnation The psychological goal of attachment is to ________. a. feel secure Jimmy is a 5-year-old boy. When his parents leave him with a babysitter, he latches onto his stuffed animal, Tim. In the terminology of the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, Tim is a(n) ________. ransitional object According to the text, a neo-Freudian would most likely believe the following EXCEPT ________ young boys are shaped by the experience of admiration and love for their mother and bitter jealousy for their father Research suggests that avoidant children are likely to become adults who tend to________. c. be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a false self is to ________. b. protect the true self by keeping it invisible Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. c. initiative vs. guilt Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. c. basic trust vs. mistrust Compared to Freud, ego psychologists pay a good deal of attention to ________. b. conscious thought Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience negative emotions? neuroticism The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________. d. forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other Which Big Five domain is related to less smoking? b. agreeableness The Big Five are believed to be orthogonal factors of personality. What does orthogonal mean? d. People's scores on one of the factors do not predict their scores on any of the other factors. Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model? c. neuroticism According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________. a. conscientiousness According to Jack Block, ego ________ gets people into trouble, but ego ________ gets people out of trouble. a. undercontrol; resiliency Though some researchers disagree, after over 60 years of research, most personality psychologists think there are how many essential personality factors? c. 5 Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one most responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior? d. entitlement/exploitativeness What is another name for ego resiliency? c. psychological adjustment Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions? d. extraversion Which of the following terms describes the result of Raymond Cattell's factor analysis, which revealed 16 factors? overextraction Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring. a. easier to judge Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness? high IQ Which trait is linked to reduced creativity in group problem-solving tasks? conscientiousness Which of the following behaviors is an example discussed in the textbook of the manytrait approach? a. word use A researcher taking the many-trait approach to understanding personality would likely use which of the following measurement instruments? d. California Q-Set Which of the following does NOT describe a reason that people gravitate to the typological approach in contrast to the trait approach? a. The typological approach has many years worth of empirical support. Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model? b. extraversion According to recent research about personality and energy drink preferences, those high in self-monitoring would likely prefer which brand of energy drink in a consumer taste test study? b. Superstar Energy The ________ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards, each of which describes an aspect of personality. These cards are sorted into categories by the respondent. a. California Q-Set Which choice does NOT describe a reason that the typological approach to personality traits is less valid than trait-based approaches? a. Personality types may summarize many traits within an overarching label. In order to alleviate the effects of bias in employment testing, employers might want to use ________ because they typically do not show racial or ethnic differences. a. tests of conscientiousness The items in the California Q-Set were derived from ________. efforts by researchers to develop an adequate list of items What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck? b. neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes? c. conscientiousness According to recent research, which trait seems to be related to quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses? a. agreeableness Paul used to abuse alcohol and at his lowest point, his father helped him become sober. Now Paul and his father are closer than they ever have been. Paul's story is an example of a(n) ________ story. c. redemptive A shift in one's goals is related to a change in one's ________. perspective about time Which of the following is NOT a known physical factor that influences personality development? a. a summer tan According to one survey, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change? b. extraversion According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals ________, the trait change will follow. In line with the ________ process, if someone is high on conscientiousness, she will most likely select environments that promote achievement and order. evocative person-environment transaction According to the theoretical model cited in the text, what is the correct order of steps necessary to accomplish self-regulated personality trait change? b. wanting to change, believing change is possible, self-regulating behavioral change, behavior change becoming habitual Personality development is ________. b. the mean level change of a trait over time With accumulated evidence from personality and developmental psychology we can conclude that personality ________ and ________ over the life course. a. changes; is stable In one study, researchers found that personality trait scores from the same people measured 10 years apart correlated between r = .60 and r = .90. This is evidence for ________. personality stability According to the text, each of the principles of personality development is well suited to ________. ... According to the text, what paradox is central to the study of personality development? d. People change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rankorder stability in relation to others in their age group. When individuals have rank-order personality consistency, they maintain the ways in which they ________ other people the same age. b. are different from According to a recent large-scale cross-sectional study, adolescents around the world in today's age tend to be ________. d. impulsive and rebellious What is the correct order of narrative identity development over the life course, according to Dan McAdams? c. actor, agent, author According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals ________, the trait change will follow. a. change the relevant behaviors Based on the findings from various studies investigating interventions aimed at changing delinquent behavior, targeting ________ children seems to be more effective. b. younger John is 65 years old. Relative to his personality as a 20-year-old, John has likely ________ in openness to experience. decreased According to psychologist Frank Sulloway, firstborns are more ________ compared to later borns. c. conscientious According to the text, narcissists seem to ________ the positive consequences of changing themselves. d. underestimate What is a key strength of longitudinal personality development studies? They are not biased by the cohort effect. What piece of evidence suggests that age is NOT a determining factor in the desire to change one's personality? no correlation between age and change, only dissatisfaction Personality psychologists are currently debating whether young adults in the 21st century are more ________ than previous generations. d. impulsive and rebellious During old age, individuals tend to have goals that focus on ________. d. what is emotionally meaningful What is the correct order of narrative identity development over the life course, according to Dan McAdams? a. actor, agent, author Research suggests that women who follow ________ reported being content and satisfied with life 20 years after graduation. a. either the Feminine Social Clock or Masculine Social Clock In the last month, Oscar learned to drive and began working at his first job. These new developments are helping him to see himself as an ________. d. actor Research suggests that individuals high in which personality attribute are most likely to experience flow? locus of control Research has shown that some personal constructs are more readily called to mind than others. These constructs are considered ________. chronically accessible According to Sartre, angst can be analyzed into three separate sensations. What are they? anguish The highest need proposed by Maslow was ________. self-actualization George Kelly believed that to understand a person, you need to understand his or her personal construct system. This idea is known as ________. the sociality corollary Which of the following philosophers was NOT mentioned in the text as an existentialist thinker? ) Descartes ________ is the relatively recent branch of psychology that investigates the traits, processes, and social institutions that promote a good and meaningful life. Positive psychology Carl Rogers maintained that the one basic tendency for humans is to ________. maintain and enhance life Carolyn is fondly thinking about her mother. Carolyn is experiencing ________. Mitwelt All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT ________. extraversion and openness The psychological state of flow involves all of the following EXCEPT ________. intense feelings of joy and happiness The Buddhist alternative to existential anguish, forlornness, and despair is ________. nirvana According to the text, what is the main goal of psychotherapy from a humanistic perspective? o help the client become a fully functioning person The theorist ________ would likely use the metaphor "humans are scientists" to describe the nature of human psychology. George Kelly; ________ consists of your biological experiences and ________ consists of your psychological experiences. Umwelt; Eigenwelt George realizes that if he moves his food truck to a different neighborhood, he'll make twice the profit. When George makes the move, he is achieving a(n) ________. c. optimizing goal According to existentialist philosophy, the opposite of living in bad faith is ________. authentic existence Some American corporations use Maslow's ideas when dealing with their employees. For example, they might ________. d. maximize their employees' feelings of security so that the employees can pursue higher goals and identify with the organization John realizes that helping one set of people could lead others to suffer. According to Sartre, what sensation will this insight produce? anguish To avoid developing conditions of worth, a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life. unconditional positive regar Which tenet of self-determination theory appears to be its boldest prediction? c. the selfishness that results from subjective well-being All of the following elements make up humanistic psychology EXCEPT ________. spiritual From an optimistic humanism perspective, what is true of every human being? They are basically good. Which of the following is NOT an example of an experience of flow? writing a paper for 4 hours straight Your particular experience of the world is called your ________. a. construal Linda thinks that her friends will like her only if she is thin, attractive, and cheerful. Rogers would say it is unlikely that Linda will ________. become a fully functioning person Studies of endogenous personality descriptors in China and Spain seem to suggest that there are ________ factors in each lexicon. a. seven One reason Europeans were able to colonize and dominate other cultures was that they ________. a. lived close together in cities and thereby developed immunities to certain diseases According to the text, cultures of face emerge in societies that ________. d. are stable hierarchies based on cooperation According to Triandis, cultures that tolerate very little deviation from cultural norms are high in ________. tightness Ethnocentrism is the tendency to ________. c. judge another culture from the point of view of our own Which value would most likely be associated with a collectivist culture? reciprocity Nima moved to the United States when she was 5 years old, and she gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. The process through which Nima became Americanized is known as ________. Acculturation According to Triandis, ________ societies assume that individuals are importantly different from each other. Vertical Countries with low average levels of self-esteem also tend to have high rates of ________. suicide According to the text, which of the following is considered to have an individualisthorizontal society? Norway Concepts like amae and yuan might be ________, whereas concepts like duty and obligations to the group might be ________. c. emic; etic We are most likely to commit ethnocentrism when the "real" nature of the situation ________. seems very obvious Which of the following people is likely to be the most individualistic? b. a European American man According to Park and Peterson (2010), which attribute is a strength of the heart? mercy What does it mean for a culture to think holistically? a. It explains events in context and seeks to integrate divergent points of view. Extraversion, openness, and sociosexuality might be lower in countries near the equator because low levels of these traits ________. a. reduce interpersonal contact and disease risk ________ occurs when someone moves to a new place and gradually picks up the culture of the new location. c. Acculturation Cultural complexity is much like the individual personality trait of ________. c. cognitive complexity The idea that all cultural views are equally valid and that it is ethnocentric to think otherwise is called ________. b. cultural relativism Psychologists who are concerned that the results of contemporary empirical research may not apply to all people everywhere are questioning the ________ of those results. generalizability One of the two aspects of the measure of bicultural identity integration (BII) is the degree to which bicultural individuals ________. the degree to which bicultural individuals see their two cultures as distant from each other The individualist versus collectivist distinction is analogous to the distinction between ________ with respect to personal values. idiocentrism and allocentrism Studies of cross-cultural gender differences in the Big Five tend to find that ________. although the direction of gender differences is similar, the size of the gender differences are larger in more developed societies than in less developed societies According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the ________. ritualistic respect ________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up. Enculturation What is the first and most important danger of punishment? b. Punishment arouses emotion. What two important ideas are combined in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system? a. An individual's construal of the world is important, and the cognitive system has multiple components that often interact. Mischel's if ... then model is rooted in Watson's ________. d. S-R connection theory What term is used to describe a positive result that follows a particular behavior? reinforcement According to Mischel's theorizing, which of the following methods would be the best way to stop yourself from eating a piece of delicious chocolate cake? thinking about the chocolate cake as a piece of brown plastic Which theorist had a substantial intellectual influence on Mischel's ideas about the cognitive-affective personality system? b. George Kelly On the first day of kindergarten, Terry's teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry's teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior. b. shaping Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they________. c. underemphasize or ignore cognition Dietlinde is interviewing for a job and is confident that she'll be able to convince the hiring committee of her merit and credentials and will therefore surely get the job. Dietlinde has ________. high generalized expectancies According to Rotter, locus of control is analogous to ________. a. a generalized expectancy Bandura's concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________. expectancies Bart eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later. According to the process of classical conditioning, he will most likely ________. b. never eat that dish again From the perspective of expectancy value theory, your belief about how likely it is that a behavior will attain a certain goal is called your ________. c. expectancy In Pavlov's famous studies, when the presentation of meat was frequently preceded by the sound of a bell, dogs ________. c. began to salivate at the sound of the bell According to Mischel, what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition? The many systems of personality and cognition interact. According to the concept of affective forecasting, positive events won't ________ as one might expect, and negative events won't ________as one might expect. lead to as much happiness; lead to as much misery Punishment involves ________. b. introducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior Hedonism provides the ________ necessary for learning and behavior to occur. d. motivation According the central ideas of behaviorism, what are the three main types of learning? habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. d. hedonism Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________. decision making When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile. habituated What construct would Mischel prefer to replace the construct of personality traits? if...then contingencies What is the common first impression someone has when they meet a person with narcissistic personality disorder? a. They are charming and extraverted. Which disorder seems to be linked with economic status and urban settings? d. antisocial Lisa is known by her coworkers as a workaholic. What personality disorder might she suffer from? b. obsessive-compulsive Which of the following are NOT general characteristics of personality disorders? b. They are unstable across the life span. Dr. Spitz is a clinical psychologist whose last patient has recently developed a habit of lying to his parents. If Dr. Spitz were to immediately diagnose his patient with antisocial personality disorder, he would be ________ his patient's behavior. pathologizing According to the text, correlations between personality traits and self-reports of "feeling good" may reflect how personality affects ________ rather than physical health. mood According to the DSM-IV-TR classification scheme, what are the Cluster C disorders? a. dependent, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive According to the text, what was the main controversy in personality psychology that became a major contributor to the new edition of the DSM? b. how to define personality disorders Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding some of the concerns that have been raised about the DSM? The DSMsystem is not widely used by the psychiatric community According to the DSM-IV-TR, clinical psychologists make their diagnoses by ________, however according to the DSM-5, they diagnose by ________. d. counting up the number of indicators present; assessing the degree of the client's psychological difficulty One reason that research on Type A Personality was so popular for so long may be because research on it was funded by ________. b. the tobacco industry According to the text, why is narcissistic personality disorder difficult for psychologists to treat? d. because it is extremely ego-synotic Which psychotropic drug has been used to treat obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ________ is the tendency to frequently and intensely feel negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and suspicion. d. Negative affectivity Which of the maladaptive personality traits in the new section of the DSM-5 bears the closest resemblance to low extraversion in the Big Five? detachment An individual who consistently fears abandonment may suffer from which personality disorder? b. borderline An individual who is typically irritable, aggressive, and irresponsible might have which personality disorder? antisocial Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder? a. confused identity Which French psychiatrist identified the problem known as madness without distortion (manie sans delire)? Pinel The quote from the DSM-5, "it is hoped that both versions will serve clinical practice and research initiatives, respectively" (p. 645) implies that ________. clinical practice and scientific conclusions are independent The prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder ranges around the world from ________. a. 0 percent to 6.2 percent A description such as "emotional hemophilia" applies most accurately to which personality disorder? b. borderline The reason obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is characterized both by being unable to throw anything away and being obsessively clean is that ________. the underlying cause of both of these behaviors is the same Someone who brags about her physical health and vitality in front of a friend going through chemotherapy exhibits a symptom of which personality disorder? narcissistic Which of the following is NOT one of behavioral attributes associated with borderline personality disorder? preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate attainment Mario is extremely manipulative, deceitful, and callous, and his behavior is negatively affecting those around him. The personality disorder he may have would fall into which of the DSM-5 dimensions? antagonism Each personality paradigm effectively addresses its own key concerns ________. d. but tends to ignore pretty much everything else According to psychiatrist Kurt Schneider, unusually extreme personality attributes that cause ________ are the defining features of personality disorders. major problems for the afflicted person or for others The ________ approach emphasizes perception, motivations, and the self. b. cognitive According to what we know about cross-situational consistency of behavior, if Ted is the most extraverted person in a wedding, he will most likely ________ at a funeral. d. be the most extraverted person According to the text, personality psychology, in the final analysis, is a quest for ________. mutual understanding What label describes personality that is both unusual and problematic? d. personality disorder If a psychologist is interested in understanding how cultural construals of reality shape an individual's behavior, she should take the ________ approach to studying personality. a. humanistic According to the text, behavioral consistency is only accurate when you predict the ________ of several behaviors. c. aggregate The most effective way to learn about a person is to ________ and ________. c. watch what she does; listen what she says Lizzie has just graduated from college and is in the job market. According to the text, after taking this personality course and reading The Personality Puzzle, what skills does she have that will aid her in her job search? echnical and analytical skills According to the text, labeling personality patterns is both ________ and ________. d. useful; problematic Research from the ________ has demonstrated the consistency of a pattern of thought like pessimism. cognitive paradigm According to the text, your ________ affect(s) how you feel and what you do, as well as your external world. a. biology Which area of psychology has established a reasonable way to think about free will? humanism According to the text, you should judge an approach to studying personality by its ________. usefulness Why is labeling often helpful? It helps us talk about and understand important phenomena. Why is the relationship between biological structures and personality especially difficult to study? Each biological component interacts with the other components. According to the text, psychology tends to ________ free will throughout the scientific process. process.a.ignorec One view of the different approaches to personality psychology is that each one ________. c. largely addresses different questions about personality According to the text, which of the following contribute to an individual's view of reality? all of the aboce According to the text, what we don't know about the biological roots of personality ________ what we do know. is far more than Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria that Funder believes is important for selecting a personality approach to use in your own work? whether the approach is right or wrong Which approach does Funder most closely identify with? b. trait According to the text, behavioral consistency is limited in the sense that ________. c. behavior surely changes from one situation to the next The goal to study the whole person and everything that is important about an individual's psychology is ________. an overwhelming and frankly impossible endeavor