Quick Revision Botany And Zoology Part 5

QUICK REVISION BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY PART 5 1. Asexual reproduction in Ulothrix is by zoospores (quadriflagellate macrozoospores, quadriflagellate microzoospores and biflagellate microzoospores), aplanospores and hynospores. 2. Sexual reproduction in Ulothrix is isogamous (Physiologically anisogamous). Zoogametes or planogametes are biflagellate. 3. In algae mostly meiosis occurs in zygospore nucleus (zygotic meiosis) 4. Spirogyra is commonly known as pond silf or pond scum and thrives well in stagnant fresh water. 5. Chloroplast in Spirogyra is ribbon shaped, spirally coiled and with many pyrenoids. 6. Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is isogamous by nonmotile (aplanogametes) gametes. Male gamete shows amoeboid movement. 7. (1) Algae found in mud-chara (2) Algae found in vanks of takes of ponds - Rivularia (3) Algae found in floating on water - Diotoms volvox (4) Algae found floating on banks of pond – Spirogyra 8. Epiphytic Algae - Oedogonium 9. Protoderma grows on back of to tortoise of clado phora lives upon snail 10. In chlamydomonas isogary, anisogamy & oogamous type of sexual reproduction. 11. Spirogyra is also known as Pond silk or water silk. 12. Study of fungi is called as mycology. 13. All fungi are heterotrophic. 14. Obligate saprophytes are found exclusively on dead organic matter e.g. Agaricus, Morchella. 15. Facultative sprophytes are basically parasites but live as saprophytes e.g. Altermaria solani, Fusarium solani. 16. Obligate parasites are exclusively living on hosts e.g. Albugo. Puccinia. Facultative parasites are basically saprophytes but may live as parasite in some cases e.g. Rhizopus. 17. In holocarpic fuingi, entire thallus is converted into reproductive bodies during reproduction. 18. In eucarpic fungi some hyphae are converted into reproductive bodies during reproduction 19. Sclerotium is perennating structure and consist of pseudoparenchlymatous mass. The central hyphae are food laiden and outer are protective e.g. Claviceps. 20. Cell wall of funga hyphae consist of fungal cellulose or chitin The reserve food material is glycogen. 21. Fungi like Agaricus, Lycoperdon, Clavatia, Morchella are used as human food. 22. Morchella is commonly called sponge mushroom. 23. Trufflels is edible fungus and produces its fruiting body embeded in soil. 24. Penicillin was discovered by A. Flemming (1929) from penicilium notatum. Commercially it is obtained from P. Chrysogenum. 25. Some mushrooms and toad stools are deadly poisonous e.g. Amanita muscaria 26. Neurospora crassa is also known as pink bread mold, used in genetical researches. 27. Wart disease of potato is caused by Synchytruim endobioticum. 28. Late blight of potato is caused by Phytophthora infestans (oomycetes - sexual reproduction oogamous type) and early blight of potato is caused by Altermnaria salani (Deuteromycetes - sexual reproduction - absent). 29. Smut of several crops is caused by Ustilago sp. 30. Black rust of wheat is caused by Puccina graminis tritici (Basidiomycetes) Macrocyclic. 31. Red rot of sugarcane is caused by Colletotrichum falcatum (Oeuteromycetes) 32. Damping off of seedlings is caused by Pythium-comycetes 33. Claviceps purpurea (Ascomycetes) is the source of a hallucinogenic drug. 34. Branched conidiophores are found in Penicillium. 35. Ringworm is caused by fungus Microsporum sp. 36. The most important toxin of fungi (mycotoxin) is aflatoxin produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus. 37. Heterothallism was discovered by Blackslee (1904) discovered in mucor mucedo (zygomycetes).. 38. The commercial source of citric acid is Aspergillus niger. 39. Alcoholic fermentation is broght about chiefly by yeasts. 40. Rhizopus grows Saprophytically on stale bread thus called as bread mold or black mold. 41. In Rhizopus, there are no septa and hyphae are multinucleated called coenocytic. 42. Coenogametangia are found in Rhizopus. 43. Yeast is unlike other fungi since it is unicellular and haploid or diploid. 44. Bordeaux mixture (CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2, )is first fungicide to be discovered 45. Puccinia is heteroecious fungus. 46. Teleutospore of Puccinia graminis is called perfect stage. 47. Pycniosopores of Puccinia graminis are produced on the upper surface surface of barberry leaves while aecidiospores are produced on lower surface of leaves. Aciospores infect to wheat & Basidio infect to barbery plant. 48. Predaceous fungi are animal trapping fungi e.g. arthrobotrys oligospora, Doctyllella cinopaga. 49. Tikka disease of groundnut is caused by Cercospora personata and C. arachidicola (Deutromycetes). 50. Poisonous Fungi - Amanita 51. Cryptococcus neoformans - a varity of yeast causes train descise - crypto coceus meningets. 52. Rhizopus is a connecting link L/W coures of higher fungi, 53. Predaceous Fungi - Dactylia, Arthoboytas. 54. Edible Fingi - Morchella, Agaricus, Lycopordon. 55. Bengal Fanise caused due to Helminthos Sporium oryzae. 56. A.V. Leeuwenhock discovered Bacteria in rain water and called them as wild animalcules. 57. Ehrenberg gave the 'Bacterial 58. Bacteria are found every where in water, air and soil cosmopolitan 59. I Pasteur demonstrated role of bacteria in fermentation and proposed germ theory of disease. Antiseptic theory by lister 60. R. Koch gave the details of germ theory of disease and discovered T.B. bacteria. 61. Bacteria cell wall (NAG, NAM, DAP)is made up of mucopeptide (peptidoglycon), acetly glucosamine, acetly muramic acid teicholic acid and diaminopimellic acid (murein). 62. Bacteria are unicellular, achlorophyllocus, autotrophic, saprophytic or parasitic may be motile or non motile, lack true nucleus (Prokaryotic) and without E.R. golgi complex mitochondria and plastids. single circular DNA (Double stranded without histone 63. A bacterium having a group of flagella at one end is called Lophotrichous. 64. Bacteria having flagella all around the periphery of bacterial cel are termed as peritrichous. 65. Bacteria having flagella all around the periphery of bacterial cell are termed as peritrichous. 66. Nucleus is without nuclear membrane is called nucleoid or primitive nucleus or incipient nucleus. 67. Sexual phenomenon in bacteria is appropriately known as genetic recombination. Fusion is absent in bacteria. 68. Bacteria have no meiosis in its life cycle. 69. Gram stain is a chemical used for differentiation of bacteria as gram (+) and gram (-) or (cell wall detector), 70. Transformation was discovered by Griffith (1928) in Pneumococcus bacteria. It refers to transfer of genes from one bacterium to the other by simple mixing. 71. Transduction was discovered by Zinder and Lederberg in Salmonella bacteria. It is a process of transfer of genes of one bacterium to the other by a virus (bacteriophage). Conjugation discovered by Laderberg & Tatum It's detail was given by wallman & Jacob 72. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. 73. Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. 74. Whooping cough is caused by Bortella pertusis 75. Food poisoning is caused by Clostridium botylinium. 76. Great loss of rice crop due to leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. 77. Grown gall of apple is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (used in Genetic engineering due to wide host range). 78. Connecting link between virus & bacteria - Ricketssiae is a type of bacterium causes Rocky mountain disease. 79. Actinomycetes are mycellial bacteria (filamentous bacteria) which were formerly called as ray fungi. 80. Actinomyces are Streptomyces are decomposers. 81. Streptomyces yields a number of antibiotics -erthromycin (S. erytheus), streptomycin (S.grisesu) chloramphenicol (S. venzuelae), tetracyclines (S. aureofaciens), terramycin (S. ramosum), neomycin (S. fradiae), viomycin (S. punicells). 82. Plasmids are additional or extrachromosomal small rings of DNA having few genes e.g. F or fertility factor, nif or nitrogen fixing genes. Sometime plasmids can associate temporarily with nucleoid and called as episomes. 83. Pasteurization is a process in which milk is heated upto 62o for 30 min or 71°C for 15 sec. and then cooled immediately under aseptic conditions. 84. Putrefaction involves anaerobic degradation of protein by bacteria. 85. Fimbri (pilli) - Hair like appedages present in gram - Ve bacteria 86. Green sulphur bacteria-chromatium 87. Purple sulphur bacteria - chromatium 88. Non sulphur purple bacteria - Rhodospirillum 89. Nitrifying bacteria - Ammoria - Nitrite e.g., Nitrosomonas Nitrite - Nitrate e.g. Nitrovactor. 90. Hydrogen bacteria - Bacillus pentrotrophus. 91. Tron bacteria - Leptothvix orchae. 92. Sulphur bacteria - Beggiatoa. 93. In E-coli there are 3 kinds of plasmids. (1) Ffactor (fertility factor) (II) R factor (Resistance factor) (III) Co factor (Colicinergic factor) 94. Lederberg and Tatum proved that sexual reproduction occures in bacteria. 95. Transformation was first reported by griffith, shided by Avevy mccarthy of madeod. 96. Tvansduction was reported by Zinder & Lederberg 97. Father of Bacteriology - Antony Von Leevanhock. 98. Lister gave the concept of Antiseptic Surgery. 99. Gram negative & rod shaped bacteria are pathogenic. 100. SO2 pollution indicator lichens are composite or dual organisms which are formed by a fungal pertner or mycobiont (mostly ascomycete) and an algal partner or phycobiont).