Quick Revision Botany And Zoology - 3

QUICK REVISION BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY -3 1. Cashewnut (Anacarduim occidentale) is the native of Brazil and in India it is chiefly grown in Kerala, Karnataka and Goa. 2. Isaptent is a recently published drug by the scientist of Central Drug Research Institute of India, which is obtained from Plantago ovata and used for cervical dilations. 3. Soyabean seeds (Glycinex) possess highest percentage of proteins (30 to 42%) 4. Vaniela ( a flavouring material) is extracted from the fruit (capsule) of an orchid Vanilla planifolia (orchidaceae). 5. Haematoxylin a staining material is extracted from heartwood of Haemato xylon compechianum (leguminosae). 6. Potato (Solanum taberosum) is a universtable food and is native of America. It is the most important tuber crop of the world. It has been introduced from new world (South America) to old world. 7. Ground nut (Arachis hypogea) is a plant which buries its own seeds (gruits) in the soil or produces geocarpic fruits. India produces largest amount and ground nut is a rich source of proteins (30%). In India it is mainly cultivated in Gujarat. 8. Jute is a best fibre obtained from secodnary phloem (bark) of Corchorus capsularis (Tilliaceae). In India most of the jute is grown in the valey of Ganges and Brahamputra rivers especially in West Bengal 9. The lightest wood is balsa (Ochroma logopus) and the heaviest is that of lignum vitae (Guiacum officinale). Heavy wood from India is that of Acacia sundra. 10. Richest source of Vitamin C is Amla (Emblica Offieinalis) It is also rich in tannins. 11. A Biome is a terrestrial ecosystem 12. Indian red wood and indian rose wood or black wood is obtained from Dalbergia sissoo and Dalbergia latifolia respectively, a member of papilioaceae. Australian black wood is obtained from Acacia melansylan. 13. Hemp fibres are obtained from Cannabis sativa (cannabinaceae) Bhang Gania and Charas are also obtained from this plant. 14. Rubber is obtained from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis (Euphoribiacae). 15. Cocoa and chocolate are prepared from the seeds of Theobroma cocao (Sterculiaceae) and it is a native of tropical America. 16. Camphor is obtained by the distillation of leaves, twigs and wood of cinnamamomum camphora (lauraceae). 17. For Biogas production beside dung Echiornia crassipes is! extensively used. 18. Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae), mehndi-powder of leaves from a comalla heena (an orange dye) used for dying the hairs. 19. Bonsai Plants - Several horticultural techniques are followed for the production of Bonsai plants, one of them is drasticpruning of root system. Impairment of water absorption (physiological factor) is involved in that method. 20. Plant Quarantine - Government follows certain rules and regulations for pre venting the introduction of exotic pests and diseases from one place to another place. 21. Vinastine, a drug (alkaloid) used in the treatment of blood cancer (leukemia) is obtained from leaves of Vinca rosea (Catharanthus rosea) belongs to family Apocynaceae. 22. Flax fibres are obtained from the stem of Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae). 23. Phytotron is a device in which plants are grown (cultivated) in controlled conditions. 24. 5th June is celebrated as world environment day. 25. Environmental planning organisation (NEERI- National environmental engineering research institute) is at Nagpur. 26. Biosphere is composed of living organisms (lithosphere+hydrosphere+atmosphere). 27. Taiga forest or ecosystem extends from Norway, Sweeden, Finland, Russia siberia, North America and Canada. The winters are cold and snowy and summers are short, these are coniferous forests of Picea (Spruces), Pinus (Pines) and abies (firs). 28. Tundra (Alpine vegetation) has very long severs, cold climate, druing winter, sunny days and growing season is limited to a few months of summer. It consists of Cushica shaped plants or grasses (Low shruby vegetation) e.g. Rhododendron, Betula. 29. Rhizosphere is the zone of soil around the roots of higher plants characterised by microbial activity. The surface of roots growing in soil in rhizoplane, 30. Van mahotsava is tree saving or tree plantation programme. It was started in 1950 by Government of India to maintain the wildlife. 31. Desert ecosystem Occupies 17% of land with annual rainfall less than 25 cm. 32. IUCN. International union for conservation of natural resources at stockholm (sweden) 33. Autumn colouration is common in cold temperate climate in deciduous trees. The chlorophyll breakdown in xanthophyll. Browning of the cell wall and tannins give a great variety in automn colouration 34. Sea or Ocean ecosystem is largest and thickest ecosystem and covers roughly 70% of earth surface and most productive (maximum photosynthesis). Phytoplanktons are great producers. 35. Endangered plant are relished by man and animals and have become very rare or become extincte.g.. Dioscorea, Podocarpus, Bantickia 36. Starch grains are made up of amylose and amylopectin (a polymer of glucose). In starch grains mostly the layers are concentric around the hilum. But in starch grains of potato the layer are excentric (on one side of hilum). Starch grains mostly have one hilum. (Simple grains) But in potato many starch grains grow together and known as compojnd grains. 37. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish (Sweden) botanist is regarded as the father of systematic botany (Founder of taxonomy). He used Binomial system of nomebclauture. He published Genera-Plantarum and Species Plantarum. 38. Starch as a reserve food material can be tested by lodine (Potassium lodide solution). Iodine in chloral hydrate gives better results. Sulphate and nonsulphated polysaccharides in algal tissures may be detected with alcian dyes (alcian blue). Glycogen or Cyanophycean starch can be tested with iodine. It gives brownish colour. Floridean starch gives a reddish colour with jodine 39. Llanes (wood gigantic perennial climbers) e.g. Hiptage, Bauhinia vahli and epiphytes e.g. Orchids, Dischidia are specially characteristics of tropical forests. 40. Dictionary of flowering plants and ferns was written by J.C. Willis. 41. Resupination is the term which is applied to the process of twisting of the ovary through 180° in the certain flowers. This phenomenon is common in most of the orchids. 42. Acid rains are caused by excessive relaease of an SO, and NO, in the atmosphere. 43. Agave americana (Agavaceae) ia centurian plant (century plant). It remains vegetative for 60-100 years and after profuse flowering and fruiting it dies (monocarpic). 44. Longest life span (longest viable seeds) is of Indian lotus (Nelubo nucifera), viable for about 1000 years. Some lupine (Lupinus arctictus) retain viability for 10,000 years. Some annuals such as certain Arabidopsis species (cruciferae) complete their life cycle within 20-28 days, 45. The smallest cell organelle without a membrane is ribosome. 46. Genetic code was discovered by Nirenberg and Mathaei. 47. Artificial synthesis of DNA and RNA was done by Kornberg and Ochoa (1958-59) respectively and got nobel prize for artifical synthesis of genes and for enzymes associated with the synthesis of DNA and RNA. 48. Transforamtion experiment on Pneumococus is the strongest proof of the fact that DNA is the genetic material. 49. Maximum magnification possible with an electron microscope is an 250,000 x (times). 50. Useful magnification range of the light microscope is an 200x (times). 51. Beadle and Tatum (Nobel prize in 1959) discovered the biochemical mutation in Neurospora crassa and on the basis of their studies they proposed on gene one enzyme concept 52. Muller is known (first definite proof for mutagens) to use X-rays to cause mutations 53. A new Crop triticale has been evolved by intergeneric hybridization between durum wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) a man made cerale. 54. Hereditary variations in plants have been produced by the use of X-rays. 55. N. Grew laid the foundation of plant Anatomy. 56. Khorana is credited for discoveries in genetic engineering. 57. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum vesum Syn. C. zeylanicum) is one of the oldest spices and represents the dried inner bark (Dalchini). The leaves of C. Tamala are used as tejpatta. 58. Seeds of cola i.e. Cola nitide (fami. Sterculiaceae). are used in making popular soft drinks. 59. Sutherland (1956), Nobel Prixe winner in 1971 in medicine and physiology, discovered cyelic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) which has been found to regulate a large number of metabolic pathways. It is synthesized from ATP by adenylete cyclase, an enzyme which is tightly bound to the cell membrane 60. The alternate source for natural is Parthenium argentatum (fam. composite) which has been successfully cultivated at NBRI, Lucknow 61. Betels are the leaves of Piper betal (fam. Piperaceae). 62. Peppermint is obtained from Mentha piperata (fam. Labiatae) by the distillation of its aeriál parts. 63. Mitochondrial DNA codes for some proteins of the membranes while other proteins like enzymes of TCA cycle are coded any of the nuclear gene. 64. All parts of plant are edible in Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean). 65. The cellulose is polymer of glucose. There are 3000 glucose units in a cellulose molecule. These glucose units are linked by B-1,4 linkage in straight chain. 66. Cancergene. The gene in human beings in called platlet deprived growth factor (PDGE) has a strong similarity to a cancer gene carried by a monkey virus. 67. Shultz reagent (Chlor zinc iodide) used as a specific stain for cellulose but it gives a positive colour response to related compound such as lignin and suberin. 68. A wheat variety Sharbati sonara in India (originally a red seeded maxican variety) was responsible for green revolution in India. 69. Feulgen stain is specific stain for DNA, It contains basic fuschin. It was developed by Feulgen and Rossenbeek in 1924. Fuelgen reaction depends on acid hydrolysis of nucleic acid which by liberating first the prines and then pyrimidines from dexyribose phosphoric acid complexes leaves a reactive aldehyde group free purines and pyrimidines. 70. During the middle of 19th centure (1868). Hanstein put forward Histogen theory for the organization of root and shoot apex. According to histogen theory. 71. Some vital dyes (stains) are Janus green, methylene blue for golgi complex, Eosin, fast green and Neutral red for cytoplasm. Haematoxylin, safranin and basic fuschi for nucleus. Acetocarmine for chromosomes are Feulgen stain for DNA (Chromosome). 72. In the year 1900, three scientist Hugo de vries of Halland. Carl Correns of Germany and teschermark of E. years ago and named their findidgs after Mendel as Mendel's laws of inheritance. 73. First gene Sanctuery in India is at Bangalore. 74. DCMU (Dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea) is a strong inhibitor of pigment system II. 75. AIDS -Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome is caused by HTLV III-a virus with two strands of single stranded RNA. AIDS is due to deficiency of lymphocytes. HILV 25 also causes Leukemia in Human beings. 76. Azospirillum, a non symbiotic bacteria can fix nitrogen independently in the soil. It is a specially suited for crops like maize Jowar, bajra, ragi and sugarcane. J. Dobreiner observed a loose association between Asospirillum lipoferum with roots of some Brazillian grasses and maize. 77. The first bioherbicide was mycoherbicide (based on fungus phytophthora palmivora) and was developed in 1981. It is used to control the growth of milk weed in citrus orchards. 78. Natural insecticide are Pyrethrum and Cinerin (Pyrethroids) min obtained from Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerari folium). 79. Sporeine was first bioinsecticide.call 80. Trap containing pheromones (hormones for attracting male insects are placed in infested field. Males attracted by the trap reach inside the hollow cylinder coated inside with sticky substance and become unavainlable for reproduction. In Confusion technique, large amounts of hydrophobic papers containing the sex attractant are dropped over a crop area. The of males get confused and are not able to locate the female, as the characteristic smell is spread over. 81. 21st march is celebrated as a world Forestry day. 82. 5th june is celebrated as world Environmental day. 83. The fleshy mesocarp of Elaeis guinensis (oil palm) fruits is the source of palm oil which is none in common use as an edible oil and also used in soap and perfumery industry. 84. Like chipko movement, a similar movement called Appiko Has chaluvali started in north Kamara district of Karnataka. 85. Cardamom (choti elaichi) is obtained from fruts of Elettaria stai cardamon (Zingiberaceae). It is second largest foreign exchange earning spice for India. 86. Smallest group of plants are the Gymnosperms as they are represented by about 722 groups only 87. If the plant is grown in ca-deficient soil, the number of mitochondria per cell will be reduced because calcium is required for binding the oxysomes to inner membrane of mitochondria. 88. Bateria predatory upon other bacteria represented by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. It purifies the water of river Ganges. 89. Sir E.J.Butler is known as Father of Indian mycology, 90. Western Himalayas are belived to be gold mines of liver worts. int 91. The air space around the stele in Selaginella arises due to differential growth rates of outer cortical and inner vascular tissues. 92. Some epiphytic plants e.g. Dischidia rafflesiana collect humus rich soil into some special structures called nests. Leaves of 297 Elig these plants modified into pithchers which collect the hkumus. The adventitious roots arising from stem absorb water and minerals from the soil of nest and so called nest roots. 93. The shrubby climbers which climb with the help of hooks are called stragglers e.g. Bougainvillea, angiosperms. 94. Among the vegetative characters, venation of leaves is highly relived upon forthe classificationof angiosperms. Lathyrus sativus (Khesaridal or grasspea) is chepest pulse, consumed by poor classes in India. Lathyrism (Paralysis of lower limbs) results from excessive and prolonged consumption of Khesari dal. 95. Glycine max (Soyabean) seeds are richest in protein. Grinding boiled seeds with water yields Soyabean milk which is nutritious like cow's milk and fit for infants. Soyasauce is obtained by fermenting soyabean and rice flour with Aspergillus oryzae. 96. Cannabis sativa (hemp) belongs to cannabinaceae. Its female flowers usded for extraction of hallucinogenic narcotics such as Hashish, Charas, Marijuana, Ganja etc. 97. In DNA finger printing jeffreys) DNA will be isolated from blood stain, semen stain or hair root and will be sunjected to southen blotting. The basis for DNA finger printing is RFLP (Festriction fragment length polymorphism). 98. Green house effect means increase in temperature (or global warming ) due to increase in Co, concentration in the atmosphere. During past 150 years, the carbon dioxide content in our atmosphere has increased approximately between 270340 ppm. The major contributor of green house gases in atmosphere is USA 99. Catharanthlus rosea (Vinca rosea) is the source of two anticancer drugs vinblastine and leucocristine (Vincristine) which are used in treatment of Leeukemia. Recently anticancer drug is also obtained from Taxus (Gymnosperms). 100. A wheat variety Sharbati Sonera in India (develop from red seeded mexican variet) was responsible for green revolution in India .