Quick Revision Botany And Zoology Part 2

QUICK REVISION BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY PART -2 1. Recently viroids have been discovered by Diennerr. They consist of single stand of RNA and not enclosed by protein sheath. Viroids are smallest infectious agents. 2. Satellete tabacco necrosis virus parasite on another virus. 3. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is hollow, rod like virus containing single stranded RNA surrounded by capomeres 4. The insect which carries a virus disease is called a vector. Aphids transmit more plant viruses than any other insect. The period of development of infectivity for the virus within the vector is called incubation period. 5. Chlamydomonas is unicellular green algae containing a single cup shaped chloroplast having one pyrenoid. 6. Chlamydomonas (Haematococcus) nivalis occurs on snow and imparts a red colour to ice or snow and causing red snow balls in alpine region. 7. Cladophora, a green algae is found both in fresh and marine water, attached to rocks, submerged plants and molluscs shells by rhizoidal branches. 8. Oedogonium possessesing like structures or marking the cap cells, which are capable of division. The number of rings, the cap cell contains, denotes the number of divisions, the cell has undergone. Some species of Oedogonium are monoecious and some dioecious. The dioecious species belong to two different categories the macrandrous type with antheridia produced on regular or normal sized filaments and nannandrous type with antherdia produced on special dwarf filaments called dwarf males or nannandria. 9. Chara is submerged freshwater green algae with the main axis of the plant body and branches have nodes and internodes. Chara has crystals of calcium carbonate in the cells. Cortication of apex or corticated internode is found in chara. Its antheridia are called globules and oogonia are called nuclues. 10. Vaucheria is a member of yellow green algae (xanthophyceae) possesses a filamentous branched and coenocytic plant body with oils (fats) as reserve food and produces characteristic synzoospore. 11. Batrachospermum is a fresh water algae but notred in colour. It is blue green, or violet in colour. It is also called as frog spawn alga. 12. Fritschiella a green algae shows heterotrichous habit, which may have given rise to terrestrial habit. 13. Red rust of tea is caused by a parasitic green algae Cephaleuros virescence. 14. Parasitic red algae is harveyella which live heterotrophically on other photosynthetic red algae. 15. The members of chlorophyta clas of algae exhibit both primitive as well as advanced structural features and method of reproduction (isogamy to oogamy). Thus there has been gradual evolution in the plant body from unicellular motileor non-motile form to highly developed complex structure with a clear division of labour. 16. Some blue green algae e.g. Microcystis Oscillatoria and Lyngbya are responsible for waterblooms. 17. Heterocysts are found in some blue green algae e.g. anabna, cylindrospermum Nostoc. Heterocysts help in N, fixation. 18. Nitrogen fixing blue green algae are Anabaena, Nostoc, Cylindrospermum. Aulosira, Oscillatoria, Tolyporthrix and spirulina. They multiply vegetatively by hormogonia and akinetes. Protein rich algae spirulina and Chlorella used in Biotechnical studies. 19. Dr. R.N. Singh suggested that blue green algae can be used in reclamation of usar lands. It has been found that pH of such soils fall from an 9.7 to 7.6 by growing blue green algae. 20. Spinilina maxima is a spiral blue green algae which grows in alkaline habitats or at pH 11. Spirulina contains 65% proteins 1% carbohydrates, 6% pigments, 4% fats, 3% fibres, 3% other products. Yield of Spirulina is 10 times higher that that of wheat. It can be a good alternative food for man and other animals. 21. The red colouration of 'Red sea" is due to blue green algae Trichodesmium erythrae. 22. The genus Sargassum (Gulf weed) a brown algae is well known because of its species S. natans which is found in the form of large floating masses in the Sargasso sea of south central Atlantic sea 23. Ulva is an algae commonly called 'Sea lettuce'. 24. Vigorous growth of blue green algae e.g. Microcystis aecuginosa in water, brings serious deficiency of oxygen thus causing the death of fish due to suffocation. 25. Acetabularia is a single called green algae and measures between 6 and 10 cm. 26. Raphidonema sp and Chlamydomonas yellow stonensis are responsible for imparting green colour. 27. Sphaerella (Haematococcus) forms mucilagenous colonies which look like 'Red snow balls' in alpine region. The red colour is due to the presence of haematochorme in the algae cells. 28. Macrocystis and Nereocystis are the largest algae ranging more than 50 meters in length and are called as giant kelps. 29. Some higher fungi have dark brown root like structures which are called rhizomorphs these structures serve for perenation e.g. Armellaria mellea. 30. Sclerotia are hard resistant perennating structures formed by dense mass of thick walled hyphae in some fungi like Claviceps purpurea. 31. Claviceps purpurea yields a powerful hallucinogenic drug LSD. (lysergic acid diethyl amide). 32. Red or Pink bread mould (Neurospora) was discovered by Shear and Dodge (1927). It is ideal organisms for the study of biochemical nature of gene and crossing over because it is haploid fungus and each gene is expressed irrespective of whether it is dominant or recessive. 33. Parasexuality was first reported by Pontecorve and Roper (1952) in aspergillus nidulans. 34. Predaceous fungi are animal trapping fungi e.g. Dactyllella, Arthrobotrys be longing to the Deuteromycetes group, which capture small animals such as eelworms, rotifers protozoans and use them as food. 35. Puccina is a member of basidiomycetes, causes generally rust of wheat. P. graminis is a macrocyclic and heteroecious fungi. It produces 5 types of spores. Uredospores, teleutospores (on wheat plant), basidiospores on soil), pycniospores and acidiospores (on barberry leaf). Reccurence of wheat rust in northern India is caused by the infection of wheat plants by uredospores of Puccinia. Dr. K.C. Mehta (1931) for the first time studied causes of annual reccurence of rust disease in plains of India. 36. Bordeaux mixture ( a common mixture of copper sulphate and quick lime or calcium hydroxide and water ) is a most extensively used fungicide. It was first discovered by Millardet. 37. The fungi which grow on animals are termed coprophilus e.g. Ascobolus, Pilabolus. 38. Polyporus is a wood rotting fungus. It is epixylic. 39. Mushrooms and Toad stools, also called gill fungi, have umbrella like fruiting bodies, Agaricus is edible while Amanita is poisonous. 40. Psilocybe saered mushroom produces psilocybin a hallucinogenic chemical. 41. Fairy ring is a ring of mushrooms on the ground representing the periphery of mycelial growht of the fungus. 42. E.J. Butler is considered as father of modern plant pathology (Father of Indian mycology). 43. Bengal had to face a serious famine due to loss in the yield of rice in 1943. It was because of leaf spot disease of rice caused by fungus Helminthosporuim oryzae. 44. The famous Irish famine of 1845-46 was largely due to failure of potato crop. It was because of late blight disease of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans. 45. The fungi utilize deratin as a source of protein which is found on skin or hair is Keratinophic fungi or dermatophyte e.g. Arthroderma, Keratinomyces. 46. Plasmodiophora brassicae causes the club rot disease of cabbage 47. Majority of lichens have fungal component belonging to ascomycetes and so called as Ascolichens, e.g. Parmalia, Cladonea, Usnea. Basidiolichens are rare e.g. cora. 48. Cetraria icelandica is commonly called 'iceland moss' 49. Peltigera caina is commonly called 'Dog Lichen'. 50. Cladonia rangifera growing in arctic regions is commonly called 'Reindeer moss'. 51. Zoopsis is the smallest known bryophyte. 52. Fontinatis or Dawsonia is the largest (40-50 cm in length) known bryophyte. 53. Riccia is a terrestrial liverwort having dichotomously branched prostrate thallus which bears two types of unicellular unbranched rhizolds (smooth walled and tuberculate) for anchorage and simple scales along the margin on ventral side. Sporophytes or sporogonium of Riccia is simplest consisting of capsule only (Lacks elaters, foot and Seta). Reproductive organ embeded in dorsal site of the thallus.these organs are antheridia (male) and Archegonia (female). Water is essential for fertilization, antherozoids (sperm) are coiled and biflagellated (This condition is called zoodiogamous). 54. Marchantia thalli bear have cup like structures called gemmae cup on mid dorsal line elaterophore (bunch of elaters) are found in Pellia. Gemma cup produces numerous bilobed, vegetative reproductive bodies called gemmae. Marchantia thalli bear two types of scales, appendaged and simple. In Marchantia antheridia and archegonia are found on special vertically stalked structures the antheridiophores and archegoniophores respectively. Sporophyte of Marchantia is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. Capsule produces spores and elaters. Elaters are spindle shaped having two spiral thickenings. 55. Naiadita is the most completly known fossil representative of bryophytes. 56. Bryophytes are first land inhabiting plants (Amphibians of plants kingdom) 57. Spores of Funaria and Equisetum contain chloroplast. 58. S.R. Kashyap is known as Father of Bryophytes in India. 59. Western Himalays are believed to be gold mines of liverworts. 60. The ciliated antherozoicts of Bryophytes points out that they originated from aquatic ancestors. 61. Lycopodium commonly called clubmoss, is homosporous periodophyte. Several species of Lycopodium often used in christmas wreaths and other decoration so they are commonly called as christmas green, spores of Lycopodium are used as dusting powder due to water repellent and also used in manufacture of fire works of light due to being inflammable. Antherozoids of stage called Protocorm between embryo and leafy plant spores of lycopodium after germination develop independent gametophytes called prothalli which usually possess endophytic mycorrhiza 62. The telome theory for the origin of pteridophytes was proposed by Zimmermann (1957) The telome is the extreme portions of plant body from the tip to the next point of branching. 63. Azolla leaves enclose symbiotic blue green alga Anana azollae. 64. Azolla and Salvinia are free floating while Marsilea, Regnellidium and Pilularia and amphibious, these are the water ferns. 65. Ephedrine an alkalid used against asthama and bronchial troubles is commercially obtained from stem of some species of Ephedra. 66. Red cedarwood oil is obtained from Juniperus verginiane and is used for clearing microscopic parts and oil immersion lenses. 67. The amount of pollen grains liberated (discharged) by pine forest is very prolific during the months of March and April at the time of pollination and is referred as Sulphur shower. 68. Araucaria embricata (Gymnosperm) is commonly called as Monkey's puzzle. 69. Cycas, ginkgo and Metasequoia are referred as living fossils. 70. Clone is group of individuals resulting from vegetative propagation a plant generally from root and stem cutting. 71. Barley is considered to be the oldest of all cultivated plants. 72. National flower of India is lotus (Nelumbo). Larva hatches in intestine, bores through it, passes to liver, heart finally lungs. After 2 moults in alveoli comes to pharynx, intestine. After 4 moults becomes adult. Gets sexually mature in 6-10 weeks. 73. Maixe is the tigt of new world to old world. 74. Rice is the principal food crop of the world. It is having highest acerage in the world 75. Major source of sugar in the world is beet root (Beta vulgaris) chenopodiaceae. 76. Smallest flowering plant is Wolffia (an 2.5 mm is diameter). It possesses smallest microscopic flowers ( an 0.1mm). 77. Rafflesia arnoldia, a total root parasite is having the largest flower in the plant kingdom. It is found in Java and Sumatra (Malaysia) 78. Victoria regia is a plant with largest leaves a native of Brazil and Guinea (Australian region). 79. Quinine is obtained from the bark of Cinchona officinalis (Rubiaceae). 80. Orchids are the plants with smallest dry seeds. 81. Reserpine, a drug used to reduce the high blood pressure (hypertension) is obtained from roots and bark of Rauwolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae). 82. Khus (viteveria zizanides), is used in preparing non alcoholic drinks. 83. Litmus is obtained from a lichen Rocella. 84. Parthenium hysterorus (congress grass) a member of compositae is known as the kil. It tops the seven most dangerous weeds of the world and has spread through the length and breadth of India. It causes allergy. It reduces the yield of other crop plants. It is quite common in Delhi. It also releases water soluble growth inhibitors which reduce the biological nitrogen fixation by cowpeas, grams and peas. 85. India is the largest exporter of tea in the world and tea is one of the major foreign exchange earning crops of India. 86. Hing is obtained from fleshy cut ends of roots of Ferula foetida of family umbelliferae. 87. Tobacco, (Nicotiana tobuccum) contains an alcaloid nicotine, .. is a member of Solanaceae. 88. Saffron is dried tops of carpels styles and stigmas of the flower of Crocus sativus a member of family Iridaceae. 89. Cloves are dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae). 90. Cichory powder is obtained from roots of Cichorium intybus. It is mixed with coffee powder for purpose of flavour 91. Cauliflory is the production of flowers on old stem from dormant buds e.g. Ficus 92. Opium is obtained from latex of immature fruits (capsule) of Papaver sominiferum and used as narcotics. 93. Major staple food crops (cereals) of the world belong to the family Grami. 94. For green stain fast green is used. 95. Potato cannot survive without human activity 96. Coir or commerce ( a husk fibre of coconut) is obtained from mesocarp of coconut fruit (cocosnucifera-palmae). 97. Red papper Capsicum sp. is the New world spice introduced in India that has become an essential part of India cuisine. 98. In Plant named Amorphophallus in Sumatra the inflorescence grows to a height of 5 meters. 99. Lodoicea maldavica fruits are the biggest of all known fruits. 100. Cuscuta reflexa a parasitic plant, is classified with dicotyledonous plants but lacks cotyledons