Test Guide Unit 8 Human Immune System | Study Guide

University:
Arizona State University
Course:
BIO 181 | General Biology I
Academic year:

2022
Views:

391

Pages:

3
Author:

Oerallerxhcq

Human Immune System Nonspecific Defense ❖ 1st Line of Defense - mucous membranes, cilia in lungs, skin ❖ 2nd Line of Defense ➢ Inflammation - increased body temperature + swelling ➢ Histamine - increased blood flow to affected area ➢ Interferons - chemicals that can stop viral infections ➢ Phagocytes - a kind of white blood cell that engulfs foreign invaders Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) ❖ B lymphocytes - create antibodies that are effective against a specific antigen ➢ Antibodies can only bind to one type of antigen; they form antigen-antibody complexes that can be engulfed by phagocytes ❖ T lymphocytes - fight pathogens directly (cell-mediated response) Clonal Selection ❖ An antigen that enters the body activates a very specific B/T lymphocyte ➢ The selected lymphocyte clones itself thousands of times and become: ■ Plasma cells - short-lived; immediately neutralize antigens ■ Memory cells - stay in the body for much longer; neutralize antigens Types of Immunity ❖ Passive Immunity: temporary; antibodies are borrowed and don’t remain for long (ex. Maternal antibodies given to baby) ❖ Active Immunity: permanent; antibodies are made by the person after being sick/getting a vaccine Blood Types ❖ Blood type depends on what type of blood cell antigen someone has (A, B, O) ❖ Type O is said to be a universal donor since it has no antigens. Extra Information ❖ When immune system fails, allergies + autoimmune diseases happen Animal Behavior ❖ Behavior - way organism responds to changes in internal/external environment ➢ Can be learned or innate ➢ Triggered by stimuli (changes in environment) Fixed action pattern (FAP) ❖ Stereotypical innate behavior caused by external stimuli (sign stimuli) ➢ Releasers - stimuli exchanged between members of a species Learning ❖ Complicated process where the way an organism responds changes due to experience ❖ Habituation - simple kind of learning where animal ignores a constant stimulus ❖ Associative learning - a type of learning where a connection is made between one stimulus and another through experience. Two types of this are: ➢ Classical conditioning - Pavlov’s experiment where dogs associated food with a bell ringing and salivated every time they heard it (even without seeing food) ➢ Operant conditioning (Skinner) - animal learns to behave a certain way to receive reward/avoid being punished; animals are trained this way ❖ Imprinting - learning that happens during a certain (sensitive) time in an organism’s life (ex. Geese hatchlings following scientist instead of mother goose) Social Behavior ❖ Usually between ≥ 2 members of same species ❖ Cooperation - allows individuals to be more successful doing certain tasks (ex. Wolves hunting in a pack) ❖ Agonistic behavior - aggressive behavior (either threats or combat) to settle conflicts ➢ Usually because of food or mates + will often have a dominance hierarchy (or pecking order) ❖ Territoriality - use of agonistic behaviors to defend territories from rivals ❖ Altruism - behavior that reduces an individual's fitness but improves the fitness of the group overall (ex. Worker bee sacrificing itself for the hive is advantageous because of kin selection) Other Famous Scientists ❖ Karl von Frisch studied honeybee communication; Niko Tinbergen studied the fixed action pattern