Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)

RENE DESCARTES (1596 – 1650) Many people consider Rene Descartes to be the father of modern philosophy. He was born in 1596 in the small French town of La Haye, and his mother died in his first year. His father was a nobleman who placed great importance on giving his children a good education. At the age of eight, Descartes was sent to a jesuit boarding school, where he would get acquainted with many things logical, rhetoric, metaphysics, astronomy, music, ethics, and natural philosophy. At the age of twenty-two, Descartes earned his law degree from the university of Poitiers (which some believe he had a nervous breakdown) and began studying theology and medicine. However, he did not pursue them for long, claiming to want to find knowledge found in him or the world. He enlisted in the army, where he traveled and, in his free time, studied mathematics. Descartes eventually became acquainted with the famous philosopher and mathematician Isaac Beeckman, who tried to create a method that could connect physics and mathematics. On the night of November 10, 1619, Descartes had three dreams, or visions, that would change his course of life and philosophy. From a complex dream, Descartes decided he would devote his life to reforming knowledge through mathematics and science. He started with philosophy because it is the root of all other sciences. Descartes then began to write rules for the direction of the mind, which outlined his new method of thinking. The paper was never finished—Descartes only completed the first of three parts (each consisting of twelve pieces). The book was published after 1684. He used Methad In his first and most famous work, The Discourse on Methods, Descartes ignored the first rule he made in rules for the direction of the mind and how. He then showed how his rules could solve deep and coriplex problems, such as the existence of gods. Dualism, and personal existence (where, "I think; Therefore l am," came from). As Descartes continued to write, his fame grew. Descartes's first book of meditation or philosophy, published in 1641, raised objections from those who disputed his findings in sermons and introduced a form of logical circle known as the "Cartesian circle". His principles of philosophy, published in 1644 and read throughout Europe, sought to find the mathematical foundations of the universe. While living in Stockholm, Sweden, to become the queen's tutor, Descartes died of pneumonia. Although he was a devout Catholic, his works clashed with church ideology, and after his death, his books were included in the Catholic church's list of banned books. Philosophy theme of RENE DESCARTES Thought and Reason Decrates is most famous in his statement Cogito ergo sum, translated to "I think; That's why I exist." According to Descartes, the act of thinking is proof of the existence of the individual. Descartes argued that mind and reason are the essence of humanity because while one cannot ascertain any other part of existence, one can always be sure that one has mind and reason. To create a mind, there only needs to be a source to do the thoughts; Therefore, if one thinks, he must exist. Descartes, man also has reason, and without it, one would not be a man. Descartes believed that man uses the ability to reason in order for man to obtain true knowledge and the certainty of science. His assumption that reason is a natural talent given to everyone led him to write about very complicated and philosophical things in a way that everyone could understand. He even sometimes wrote his works in French rather than Latin (the language used by experts) so that his works could be read by the masses. Descartes put forward the argument as a logical thought that anyone can follow. He believed that every problem could be broken down into the simplest parts and that the problem could be conveyed as an abstract equation. Thus, one can get rid of sensory perception disputes (which, according to Descartes, are unreliable) and allow objective reasoning to solve that problem. Since sensory perception is unreliable, the only thing that is certain of Descartes is that people have a way of thinking. Therefore, reason and mind are the essence of everyone. And because there is a difference between pure reason and sensory perception. Descartes argued, there must be the existence of a soul. THE EXISTENCE OF GOD After he was able to prove that man exists solely as a thinkable thing, Descartes began to look for other truths that proved themselves. Descartes concluded that perception and imagination must exist because they are the "modes of consciousness" in the mind, but they do not always contain the truth. Therefore, Descartes concluded that the only way to have knowledge of other things is to have knowledge of God. According to Descartes, because God is perfect, it is impossible for God to deceive someone. Descartes later claimed that although he was, Himself. Undeniably, the fact that he can understand the concept of perfection means that perfection must exist, and this perfection is God. Body and mind problems Descartes was a well-known proponent of dualism (a! Because it is called Cartesian dualism), the idea that the mind and body are separate substances. Descartes believed that the rational mind controls the body, but the body can influence the mind to act irrationally, such as when a person commits an act of lust. According to Descartes, the mind and body interact with each other in the pineal gland, which he called the "center of the soul". According to Descartes, like the psyche, the pineal gland is a non-itary part of the brain (although scientific research now shows that the disease also splits into two hemispheres), and its location near the chambers makes it the perfect location to influence the nerves that control the body. The following is Descartes' illustration of dualism. The sensory organs provide information to the pineal gland in the brain, then this information is sent to the spirit. THEORY – A In the philosophical debate about the nature of time, theory a is the view held by modern philosophers that there are essential and inseparable properties such as resignation, present, and future. Based on the virtue of having a-property, they claim, events in time are past, present, or future. The origin of this theory is found in the unreality of time, where John M.T. Ellis McTaggart discusses time through what he calls "a series" and a "b-series". A – SERIES According to McTaggart, the A-series is "a series of positions that stretch from the past far past past to the present" and then from the present, he is close to the distant future or vice versa." By "position sequence", McTaggart means position in time: events are in the past if they have already happened; They are in the position they are in now if they happen now; And they are in the future if they haven't already. Property from being in the past, present, or future is temporary property, not permanent. For example, when that hasn't happened yet. The lunar landing event is in the future; When it happens, it's in the present; And now that was in the past. The "A-series" that McTaggart shows creates a timeline, where every event is in the future, in the present, and at one time in the past, but there is never a combination of three at once and never one of the three forever. There are no events that are always present, always in the past, or always in the future. Its definition also allows for the existence of different degrees in the past and future (for example, more like a uture than a future Tuesday) and a variety of correctable properties. D to these different degrees. To talk about events that occurred in the past, present and future, we need to use asentences, or tense sentences. A future event will occur; An event in the present is happening; And an event in the past has happened. Talent and non-reduction Theory A combines presentist and non-reduction. Pre-centism is an extreme statement that only the present is real and that nothing is more real than what now exists. For example, even if objects of the past, such as dinosaurs, did exist, there was absolutely no point in their existence. Similarly, while it is possible that upcoming objects, such as the 100th president of the United States, will exist, it does not mean that they actually exist. So in this context, the discussion of past or future objects is not a discussion of things that exist somewhere other than the present one, but about the properties that exist and will be realized when they exist or not. The power of the presentis depends on the existence of tenses and is therefore an important element of theory A. Non-reductionism, or "taking tension seriously," is the idea that tension is related to fundamental and inevitable features. A sed proposition, or a-sentence, is one in which the tenses (am, past, will, have, have, etc.) are used. An eternaise, or b-sentence, on the other hand, is a uniform sentence. Silent words. The use of words such as before, after, is simultaneous with, or date-specific. Nonreduction claims that tense propositions cannot be reduced to perpetual propositions without loss of information. For example, saying "I believe that I am hungry" does not hold the same truth value if a date -" I believe that I am hungry at 3 p.m. On June 15" is installed. A sincere statement of "I believe that I am hungry" includes "I believe that I am hungry at the same time as my speech", whereas my statement of "I believe that I am hungry at 3 p.m. on June 15" is not. Sentence a only applies if I say it at the same time. A silent sentence, if true, is true at any point in time. Waking up this morning continues to convey worldly beliefs that cannot be expressed with accidental date sentences. The Incompatibility of Theory A With EINSTEIN's Special Theory of Relativity Although sentence-by-sentence development in English and guage, many philosophers argue that the A-time theory does not fit into special relativity and is therefore invalid. Albert Einstein's (1905) theory of special relativity consists of two postulates: 1. The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter their relative speed 2. The speed of light is the same in each inertial frame That is, from these two postulates that simultaneity does not absolutely have to be sanded to an inertial framework. If there are multiple events, there should not be a single fact as to what happened first, or whether both occurred at the same time. The priority of one event with another depends on the frame of reference: relative to one frame of reference, event 1 may be simultaneously with event 2; Relative to other frames of reference events that may have occurred earlier than event 2; And relative to the third frame of reference, the possible event occurred later than event 2. So, while two events may occur simultaneously for a single observer, hey will occur at different times for a mov observer :ng in different inertia. Events that exist in connection with one of the reference frames will most likely be in the past or in the future in relation to the other frame of reference. Since there is no reason to choose each reference frame as a "real" reference frame, it cannot be absolute. Frame-independent differences between the past. Now, and the future. Example of a railway embankment Simultaneous relativity is found in Einstein's explanation of an event that occurred on a railway embankment: a long train journey at maximum speed as depicted in the following figure. A person traveling on a train thinks of all the events related to the train. Two strokes occur ightning, one at point A and one at point B. The distance between point A and point B is measured, and an observer is placed at the midpoint, M. the observer is given two oblique mirrors at 90 latitude so that he can observe point A and point B at the same time. If the observer sees two flashes of light at the time of the sarne, two lightning strikes at the same time. However, the passenger will see the light from B earlier than from A. Events that are simultaneous with the reference to the embankment, then will not be simultaneous with the train. As shown in this example, the absence of absolute simultaneity poses problems for theory a and the use of tenses. If the theory of special relativity is correct, existence according to the presenter becomes an affirmatively dependent matter. According to two different reference frames, a single event both exists and does not exist. Trying reconciliation with special relativity Some theorems try to reconcile the a- theory with the pecial theory of relativity. Although the special theory of relativity is well confirmed, these philosophers argue, it is still an empirical theory) and should not be used to examine metaphysical claims. In this sense, physics today does not completely dismiss absolute simulations; But it is unimaginable at this time. An "ideal" physicist can detect this currently "unobservable" absolute simultaneous or, theorist a, an absolute simultaneous may never be detectable by physics. The absolute uncertainty of solitude, however, does not prevent its existence. The last objection raised by the a-theorist is that the relativity of simultaneity itself is only an obvious effect. Whether two events are observed simultaneously is one thing; Whether it happens at the same time is another thing.