Dualism Study Resources

DUALISM Dualism tries to answer the problem of the mind, which asks what is the relationship between the physical nature of the divine and the mental nature of a person. According to dualisin, the mind and body are two separate things. While the body (or substance) is the physical substance above. In the created individual, the mind (or soul) is a non-physical substance that exists independently of the body and includes consciousness There are three main types of dualism: 1. Substance dualism: substance can be broken down into two egories: mental and material. According to Rene Descartes, who made this theory famous, material matter has no ability to think, and its mental part does not extend to the physical world. 2. Properties of dualism: the mind and body exist as properties of one material substance. In other words, consciousness is the result of matter being organized in a certain way (like the human brain). 3. Predicting dualism: in order to understand the world, it takes more than one predicate (the way we describe the topic of a proposal). According to the predicate of dualism, mental predicate cannot be reduced to a physical predicate. For example, in the sentence "Troy sucks," we cannot reduce the act of "sucking" to a physical (predictive) thing. "Irritating" cannot be defined by structure or composition, and can look different in different situations. ARGUMENTS FOR DUALISM There are several arguments in favor of the dualism claim. In particular, dualism is very popular among people who believe in the existence of a soul separate from the physical body. Subjective arguments One of the most famous arguments in favor of the substance of dualism is the subjective argument. It argues that mental events Feature a subjective quality, whereas physical events do not. For mental events, we can ask questions about what something looks, feels, or sounds like. However, these sensations cannot be converted into physical events. Although you can see, touch, or hear physical events, when you describe sensations like "what does something feel," you can't really reduce it to something physical. It is still a sensation with subjective qualities. The Special Sciences argument The argument of special science supports the idea of a dualism predicate. If the predicate of dualism is correct, then "special science" must exist. This science cannot be reduced anymore by using the laws of physics. Since psychology, which cannot be further reduced by the laws of physics, exists as a form of science, this must imply that the mind exists. The science of meteorology proves the fact that there is a special argument in the science of :rue. Because studying weather patterns is only interesting to people, and therefore, this science requires that the mind cares and is interested in the weather. Therefore, in order for material verbs to be viewed mentally, there must be a perspective of the mind regarding the material world. Arguments of reason According to the argument it is reasonable, if the results of our thoughts are solely the result of physical causes, there is no reason to believe that the ideas are based on reason or rationality. Physical matter is not rational, but we as humans have a reason. Therefore, the mind should not come from a material source. Arguments against dualism There are many arguments that are debated in dualism. Many of these arguments fall under the broader belief ranked as monism which states that rather than two separate substances, the mind and body are part of one substance. In a nutshell, monism . Idealist monism (also known as idealism) onhy is mental substance (consciousness) : the attitude of the existing basa . Materialistic monism (also known as physicalism) : the physical world is the only reality, and everything that comes from the mental tendencies of the irom . Neutral monism : there is one ingredient that is not physical or mental, but where it comes from physical and mental arigula. Arguments of brain damage This argument against dualism questions how the theory works when, for example, brain damage from trauma to a pathological diagnosis of the head, or drug abuse gives rise to unstable mental abilities. If their mental and material abilities were completely separated from each other, they would be supported by those events. In fact, scientists have found that there is a high probability of a cause-and-effect relationship between the mind and the brain, and that by manipulating or damaging the brain, states are vulnerable to the impact. Causal interactions The argument of causal interaction questions how something that is not material (mental) has the ability to influence matter. Until now it is still unclear where this kind of interaction will take place. If your finger is burned, for example, a series of events will unfold. First of all, the skin is burned; Then the nerve endings become stimulating. Eventually, peripheral nerves lead to a specific part of the brain, and the result is pain. However, if dualism is correct, pain will not be found in any particular place. However, the pain lies in a specific place, the finger. In addition, the theory of causal interaction is concerned with how interactions occur between mental and physical. Let's say you move your arms up and down. To do so, you first intend to move your arm up and down (mental event). Messages move through the neurons, and then you move your hands up and down. However, the intention to move your arm is not enough to move your arm. There must be a force that makes the neuron send a message. Dualism lacks an explanation of how nonphysical events can create physical events. Arguments of simplicity Perhaps the most common argument against dualism is also the simplest. The argument of its simplicity reflects on why one would seek to explain the existence of the mind and body in two parts when doing so in one part is simpler. This is expressed through a principle known as the "Occan razor", which states that, when describing a phenomenon, one should not duplicate an entity beyond what is necessary. Therefore, it must be reasonable for humans to want a simple explanation while the part of dualism has power, it is undeniable that dualism does not answer all the questions that arise from the problem of the mind.