Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716)

GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646 - 1716) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the most important impostors of the rationalist dynasty of the 17th century. In addition to his work in rationalism, Leibniz was very versatile and made great advances in subjects such as logic, physics, and mathematics (he invented calculus separate from Newton and invented the binary system). Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646, in Leipzig, Germany. His father was a professor of moral philosophy at the university of Leipzig, and when Gortfried was only six years old, his father died and left his private library to the young Leibniz. In the absence of his father. Leibniz learned religion and morality from his mother. Leibniz is a very talented child. When he was twelve years old, he was already teaching himself Latin and began to study Greek, and when he was fourteen, oid began to study at the university of Leipzig and took lessons in Aristotle's philosophy, iaw, logic, and schclastic. When he was twenty years old, he published his first book inis, with the art of combination, and stated that the combination of basic elements, such as sound, color. Letters, and numbers are the source of all discovery and reasoning. After graduating from another school with a bachelor's degree in law, he no longer continued his academic education, but worked for the nobles. He wore many hats as a legal adviser and official historian, and he had to travel frequently throughout Europe. On his travels, Leibniz met some of Europe's most important intellectuals, while at the same time working on his own mathematical and metaphysical problems. The people who had a certain influence on him during this time were the new philosopher Spinoza and the mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens. All of Leibniz's works, from his contributions to mathematics to his extensive and rich philosophical work, share a common theme of emphasizing truth. He hoped that, by emphasizing the truth through his work, he could form a capable foundation for reuniting the divided church. LEIBNIZ philosophy principles There are seven basic principles of Leibniz's understanding of reason: 1. Identity/contradiction: if the proposition is true, the denial must be false, and vice versa. 2. Reason enough: in order for anything to exist, any event, or any truth that can be had, there must be a sufficient reason (although this is sometimes known only to Allah) 3. Identity weakness (Leibniz's law): two things that separate each other cannot have every property in common. If all the predictions owned by X are also owned by Y, and all the predicates owned by Y are also owned by X, then X and Y are identical. To claim that two invisible things are to substitute two names for the same thing 4. Optimism: God always chooses the best. 5. The harmony that has already been established: the substance can only affect itself; However, all substances (be it mind or body) interact with each other. This is the result of God who orogrammed all substances to harmonize with each other before. 6. Plan: the best part of all the worlds that exist will make every real possibility a reality. 7. Law of continuity: Leibniz mentions in his law of continuity that "nature never eats leaps." Leibniz claims that all change takes place through intermediate changes and that there is an infinity in things. The law of continuity is used to prove that no movement comes from total rest; Perception comes from another degree of perception that is too small to pay attention to. THEORE OF MONADS When rejecting the important theory of Descartes, which had the essence of a messenger (meaning that it exists in more than one dimension), was a killing protein, Leibniz created monads, which became one of his greatest contributions to metaphysics. Leibniz states that only those beings who are capable of acting and have a true unity can be considered a substance. According to Leibniz, monads are the elements that make up the universe. These are standards that are individual, eternal, non-interacting, influenced by their own laws, and have a pre-formed harmony in which the entire universe is reflected. These particles are the only true substances because they have unity and are capable of acting. Monads are not like atoms. They have no spatial or material character and are independent of each other. Monads "know what to do at all times because they have been programmed with a double instruction of dividends (through a pre-existing law of harmony) monads can also vary in size, unlike atoms for example, each individual can be seen as an individual monad (which creates an argurnent against free will). Leibniz's theory of monads eliminates the dualism found in Descartes and leads to Leibniz's theory of idealism. Monads are life forms, which simply means they are considered entities and substances such as thoughts. As a result, things like matter, space, and motion are simply phenomena that are the result of matter. OPTIMISM Leibniz sought to unite religion and philosophy in his 1710 book, theopasti. Believing that God, who is omnipotent and omniscient, would never have created an imperfect world or chosen to create an imperfect world when the possibility of having an eternal exists, Leibniz concluded that this world should be the most balanced and the most good. Therefore, according to Leibniz, the shortcomings of this world must exist in every possible world. Otherwise, the defect would not be included by God. Leibniz believed that philosophy was not meant to contradict theology because reason and faith were gifts of God. So, if a part of faith cannot be supported by reason, it must be rejected. With this in mind, Leibniz delivered a major critique of Christianity: if God is almighty, all-wise, and all-kind, how can evil happen? Leibniz stated that God is almighty, just, and all-kind; However, humans are God's creations, and as such, they have limited wisdom and power to act. Because humans eat creatures that have free will, they tend not to succeed in making wrong decisions, putting an end to false beliefs. God allows pain and suffering (known as physical evil) and sin (known as moral evil) to exist because they are necessary consequences of imperfection (known as metaphysical evil) and so that people can bring imperfection closer to the true good and correct their decisions.