Ethics Philosophy Notes

ETHICS Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, includes an understanding of what makes a person's behavioral channels right and what makes them wrong. However, ethics is much greater than morality. While morality is concerned with moral codes and specific practice of action, ethics not only influences all moral behavior and theory, but also the philosophy of life. Ethics addresses questions such as how one should act, what is considered right, how one uses and practices one's moral knowledge, and the true meaning of "right". NORMATIVE ETHICS Normative Ethics seeks to understand ethical actions by creating a set of rules (or norms) that govern human actions and behavior. Ethics also does not look at how things should be, how one should appreciate something, what actions are right versus what actions are wrong, and what is good versus bad. The following are three types of normative ethos theories. Consequentialism The morality of an action is based on the result or outcome of the action. If there is a good result, then an action is considered morally correct; If there are adverse consequences, the action is considered morally wrong. In consequentialism, philosophers examine what constitutes a consequence as a good consequence, how one can judge, the consequences and who should be judged, and who benefits most from moral action. Examples of consequentialism include hedonism, utility and selfishness. Deontology Instead of looking at the consequences of such actions, deontoiosy looks at how the actions themselves can be right and wrong. The type of deontology includes the theories of natural rights from John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, which state that human beings have universal and natural rights; The divine com:nand theory, which states that God commands morally correct actions and that an action is morally correct when performed as an obligation or obligation; And Immanuel Kant is very important, who argued that one must act on the basis of obligation, and that the truth of such errors is not based on individual motives and not on their consequences. According to Kant's categorical inperatif, one should think about one's actions (and therefore act) as if the motivating principle of that action should be considered universal. Ethics of Welfare In virtue ethics, philosophers look at a person's innate nature. Virtue ethics seeks virtue, which is behavior and habits that allow a person to have a good life or achieve a state of prosperity. It also provides advice to remedy the conflict between virtue and the claim that in order to have a good life, first: one must practice this virtue for the rest of life. The ethical spelling of irtue includes eudaimonia, which was coined by Aristotle and states that an action is considered "right" when it leads to well-being and can be achieved through daily practicing virtue; Data-based theories, which state that virtue is based on reasonable intuition about admirable qualities and that those qualities can be identified by examining the people we admire; And the ethics of care, which claims that morality and virtue should be based on the virtues shown by women (such as the ability to nurture, have patience, and care for others). META – ETHICS Meta-human examines ethical judgments and specifically tries to understand appropriate ethical statements, attitudes, judgments, and relationships. Meta-ethics is not concerned with evaluating whether a particular choice is good or not: bad. Instead, he examines the nature and meaning of the problem. There are two types of ethical meta viaws: moral realism and moral antirealism. Moral Realism Moral Realism is the belief that there are objective Moral values. Therefore, from an ethical point of view, an evaluative statement actually claims factual, and whether the claim is true or false is independent of one's beliefs and feelings. This is known as the cognitive view, a valid argument is delivered as an ethical sentence, which can be true or false. Examples of moral realism include: . Ethical naturalism, the belief that we have empirical knowledge of objective moral traits (although this, these can then be reduced to non-ethical traits, and therefore ethical traits can be reduced to natural traits). . Ethical non-naturalism, the belief that an ethical statement represents a proposition that is impossible to deduce in a statement of fear. Moral Antirealism According to moral antirealism, there is no such thing as objective moral values. There are three types of moral anti-realism: 1. Ethical subjective (based on the opinion that an ethical statement is actually a subjective claim) 2. Noncognitivism (the idea that athical statements are not general statements) 3. The idea that ethical statements are erroneous objective statements (expressed through moral skepticism, the belief that no one can have moral knowledge, or moral nihilism. The belief that ethical statements are usually false). EIKA DESCRIPTIVE Descriptive ethics is free from any values and views ethics through the observation of the choices that are actually made. Descriptive ethics looks at the beliefs that people have with respect to morality, and there are implications that behavioral theories or values are real. The purpose of explanatory ethics should not be to examine how reasonable a moral norm is. It is, or to provide some kind of guidance. Instead, descriptive ethics compares ethical systems (such as different societies, past and present, etc.) and compares the rules of a person's behavior that explain real actions with the ethics he or she says he believes in. Therefore, descriptive ethics is often used 'by anthropologists, historians, and psychologists'. APPLIED ETHICS Applied ethical efforts to bring ethical theory into real situations and are often used in creating public policy. In general. In applied ethics, a very strict approach based on prin myths can solve certain problems, cannot be universally applied, and whether sometirnes are impossible to apply. Applied ethics can be used to investigate questions such as what human rights are, whether abortion is immoral, what are animal rights, and so on. There are many types of applied ethics, including medical ethics (how moral judgments and values apply to medicine), legal ethics (ethics related to those who practice law), and media ethics (ethical issues related to entertainment, journalists). ism, and marketing).