Philosophy Of Science

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE In discussing the philosophy of science, philosophers generally focus on natural sciences such as biology, chemistry, astronomy, philosophy, and earth science, as well as examining the implications, assumptions, and foundations resulting from these sciences. In general, the scientific criteria are: 1. Creation of hypotheses. This gap must meet the criteria of likelihood (which logically means, it is not always true or false), falsification (meaning they have the ability to be proven false), and stability (meaning there is a real chance of proving a hypothesis to be confirmed as true or false). 2. A cornerstone in empirical evidence 3. Use the scientific method. DEMARCATION ISSUES According to the philosopher Karl Popper, the core question in the philosophy of science is known as the demarcation problem in simple terms, the demarcation problem is how one can distinguish between science and non-science (this question also relates to pseudoscience in particular). To this day, it is still not possible to accept the record of demarcation issues in general, and some even feel that it is unimportant or unsolvable. Although the positive things are logical. Combining empiricism with logic, attempting to base science in observation and claiming that anything that is not observational is non-scientific (and meaningless), Popper claims that the ultimate erty of science is falsification. Philosophical Definition Falsification: in order for a hypothesis to be accepted as truth, and before a hypothesis can be accepted as a scientific theory or a scientific hypothesis, it must be refutable. In other words, for Popper, scientific claims can be proven false. If, after extensive efforts, the evidence cannot be found. Then that means the claim is most likely true. VALIDATION OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING Scientific reasoning can be based on many ways to show that these theories are valid. Induction It can be difficult for a scientist to declare that the law is true universally even if each test brings the same result, which does not necessarily mean that future tests will also have the same result. It is for this reason that scientists use induction. According to inductive reasoning, if a situation is applicable in every case observed, then it is valid in all cases. Empirical Verification Scientific claims require evidence to support a theory or model. Therefore, the predictions made by various theories and scientific models must be in harmony with the evidence from tha: it has been serviced (and the observations have finally yielded the results of the senses). Observations must be approved by others and repeatable, and predictions are specific so that a scientist can falsify a theory or model (which implies a prediction) with an observation. Duhem-Quine and Occam's Razor Thesis The Duhem-Quine thesis states that it is impossible to test a theory or hypothesis in complete isolation because for one to empirically test a hypothesis, one must involve the other backgrounc assumptions. The result of this thesis is the idea that any theory can have the ability to be compatible with empirical information if a hypothesis is sufficiently included. This is the reason why Occam's razor (the idea that the simplest explanation should be chosen between the theory of competition) is used in science. In keeping with Duhem-Quine's thesis, Karl Popper went from favoring naïve falsification to supporting the theory that scientific theories should be falsified, meaning that if a hypothesis cannot make a testable prediction, it is not considered a science. THEORY OF DEPENDENCE The results of basic observations can be interpreted in various ways based on a person's theory. For example, although today it is common knowledge that the earth rotates, scientists previously believed that the sun moves and the earth remains stationary. Therefore, when an observation (which involves consciousness and perception) is interpreted by a theory, it is referred to as loaded with theory. According to philosopher and physicist Thomas Kuhn, it is impossible to separate a hypothesis from an Ory's influence (which is based on observation). Kuhn stated that tha new paradigms (based on observation) are chosen if they are done better than older paradigms in explaining scientific problems. COHERENCE According to coherence, theories and statements can be justified as resetting to being part of a coherent svstem. This system can relate to the beliefs of a particular scientist or the scientific community. PSEUDOSCIENCE Pseudoscience refers to theories and doctrines that fail to follow the scientific method. Basically, pseudoscience is a non-science that gives rise to science. Although theories such as the design of the results of intelligence, homeopathy, and astrology may have other purposes, they cannot be considered a true type of science because they cannot be falsified and their methods contradict generally accepted results. The science used to investigate science cannot be applied to these types of theories. However, this does not mean that all non-sciences are considered pseudo-science. Religion and metaphysics are two examples of non-scientific phenomena.