Philosophy Of Schopenhauer

ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER (1788 – 1860) Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22, 1788, in Danzig (now Gdansk), Poland. When Schopenhauer was young, his father, a merchant, offered Arthur an academic offer: he could prepare to go to university or he could travel all over Europe with his parents and then do an apprenticeship with a merchant after returning from their trip. Schopenhauer chose to travel with his family, and on this trip he witnessed firsthand the terrible suffering of the poor throughout Europe. This experience would greatly affect the pessimistic worldview that he later came to know as a philosopher. Upon his return from his travels throughout Europe, Schopenhauer began preparing for his career by withholding his offer and apprenticeship for a trader. When Schopenhauer was only seventeen, his father died (which is believed to have been a suicide), and two years later, Schopenhauer left the internship and pursued his academic career. When Schopenhauer went to school, his mother, who moved to Weimar, began to associate with intellectuals and social circles. While he worked as a writer and hostess for a salon frequented by influential thinkers of the time, he introduced his sons to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (who would later write a theory of color) and Friedrich Majer (who piqued Schopenhauer's interest in oriental thought). Schopenhauer's relationship with his mother would grow so strained that when he was thirty years old. His mother told him to never talk to him again. In 1809, while attending the university of Gattingen, Schopenhauer had studied medicine until his third semester, when he decided to switch to philosophy. Schopenhauer would eventually move to the university of Berlin to continue his philosophical studies. In 1813. Due to the attack of Napoleon's Grande Armee, Schopenhauer fled to the small town of Rudolsadt, where he would continue to write T'he four times the root of the principle of sufficient reason, and the investigation of the idea of sufficient reason. In the following year Schopenhauer had moved to Dresden, where he would write his famous color thecry, on visions and colors, and an overview of his philosophical system, the world as it would and its representation. Hegel, often scheduled his lectures at the same time as Hege entered. By 1820, Schopenhauer had become a lecturer at the University of Berlin. He became very competitive with Wilhelm's companion. To make the audience choose one over the other. But while Hegel's lectures were crowded with students, Schopenhauer's lectures were very few, and Schopenhauer became cynical and felt alienated from academia. It was not until his old age that his work became more and more popular throughout Europe. PHILOSOPHY OF SCHOPENHAUER Although Arthur Schopenhauer's theories concern various things, in general, there has always been a theme of pessimism and the presence of pain in the human condition. The fourth root of the principle of sufficient reason In his dissertation published in 1813, Schopenhauer looked at the assumption among philosophers that the universe was intelligible, and criticized the principle of sufficient reason, which held that real things were rational. Schopenhauer states that in order to use the principle of adequate reason, we must be able to think of something that must then be explained, which means that there must be the presence of a subject to begin with. Thus, understanding is the only thing that allows for experience. He confined that the world, therefore, was only a representation. The philosophy of "will" Perhaps the most important Schopenhauer meant was personal motivation. Schopenhauer criticized optimism in Kant and Hegel's theory, which claimed that society and reason determine a person's personal morality. Instead, Schopenhauer claims that the individuals are motivated by their own desires, or "will live." It will never be satisfied, and this is what guides mankind. This is where we see Schopenhauer's commitment to pessimism and a negative view of humanity, which runs throughout the body of his work. The "will", according to Schopenhauer, brings about all the suffering of mankind, and this suffering is the result of constantly wanting more. Schopenhauer concluded that human desire (and therefore human action) has no direction or logic and is futile. He states that the world is not just a place for terribie (with things like cruelty, disease, suffering, etc.); This is the worst of the world, and if it can be even a little worse, it will cease to exist. Desire and not connected to the body. He considers art as an action that has been predestined in the mind of the beiore artist, the artist creates something or a spontaneous action, while his body is nothing more than a large part of the will. According to Schopenhauer, aesthetics separates intelligence from. If the will that guides man is based on desire, art allows one to temporarily escape from the pain of the world because aesthetic contemplation culminates one stopping to understand the truth as a presentation. Art, therefore, goes beyond teason enough. For Schopenhauer, music was the purest art form because he believed it embodies a will. Ethics Schopenhauer's moral theory, he identified three main incentives that guide human morality: selfishness, malice, and compassion. . Ego: It is responsible for guiding human beings to the performance of selfish actions and making one desire of pleasure and happiness. Schopenhauer believed that most human actions stem from selfishness. . Malice : Schopenhauer distinguishes between acts of selfishness and acts of evil, which do not involve personal gain and are carried out with the intention of harming others. . Compassion: This, according to Schopenhauer, is the single most important thing that can encourage moral action, since only the goodness of the action is sought, and cannot arise from a sense of obligation or personal benefit. Schopenhauer also sees love as an unconscious element that helps to "survive", a force that makes humans want to reproduce and therefore continues to exist. Eastern Phllosophy Schopenhauer was one of the first philosophers to combine eastern thought with his work, and he was particularly interested in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy. His pessimistic point of view was heavily influenced by the four noble truths found in Buddhism, and indeed, he used them as a foundation to build his pessimistic theory. The Four Noble Truths Thanks to the additional SCHOPENHAUER 1. Life means suffering. The World is Vorstelliung 2. The root of suffering is desire A. Causes of suffering willing B. Worid as Der Wille 3. There is still hope The hope is small 4. Hope is found on the noble path of the eight elements Hope is found in: A. Aesthetics of the condominium B. Aesthetic practices Schopenhauer claimed the world was Vorstellung, meaning "Representative." So, life is not only full of suffering; This world is not entirely real and is only a representation of reality (similar to Plato's cave). Der Wille is the will, and it is under the surface appearance of everything. Schopenhauer also drew on the Hindu scriptures, the Upanishads, when formulating the core idea for his philosophy: that the world is an expression of the will.