Eastern Philosophy Notes

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY Eastern philosophy refers to philosophical philosophies that originated in different regions of Asia (to some extent, philosophies originating from the Middle East have also been grouped into this term). However, the idea of eastern philosophy can be misleading partly because there are many cultures in it. For example, philosophy that originated in China is very different from philosophy that originated in India. However, in a very general sense, if the goal of western philosophy is defined as seeking and proving the idea of "truth", then the goal of eastern philosophy is defined as accepting "truth" and finding balance. While western philosophy places emphasis on the individual and individual rights, eastern philosophy emphasizes the unity, social responsibility, and relationship of everything (which, in turn, is inseparable from the whole of the universe). Therefore, most of the time, the schools of eastern philosophy are indistinguishable from the various religions of the country. ININDIAN PHILOSOPHY Various philosophies born in India, called darshanas in Sanskrit, are sciences that aim to improve life. These include orthodox schools (Hindu philosophy) and orthodox schools (non-Hindu Philosophy). Orthodox School Schools of orthodox philosophy, or Hinduism, of the Hindu holy text, the Book of the Vedas. Samkhya. The oldest orthodox te philosophical school is Sarnkhya, this philosophical system states that all real things come from prakrit (meaning energy, matter, and creative agency) and purusha (meaning soul, mind, or self). Samkhya is based on dualism; However, unlike the western philosophy definition of dualism as between the mnind and the body, Samkhya's dualism is based on the soul (an eternal, indivisible, and absolute reality that is pure consciousness) and matter. Totai liberation occurs when a person understands the difference between the soul and the disposition of matter (such as boredom, activity, and firmness). Yoga Yoga schcol refers to the metaphysics and psychology of Samkhya; However, it highlights the presence of a divine being. The purpose of Yoga, as outlined in the Yoga Sutra (written in the second century BC), is to calm the mind in order to attain solitaryness. Nyaya The Nyaya school of philosophy greatly influenced many other schools of Indian thought. Nyaya's philosophy is based on a system of logic and followers believe that gaining vaiid knowledge comes from inference, perception, testi:nony, and comparison. By acquiring knowledge in these ways, a person becomes Free from suffering. The Nyaya School also created criteria to determine what knowledge applies and what is invalid. Valsheshika Created in the sixth century B.C., the Vaisheshika school is based on pluralism and atomism. According to Vaisheshika, everything in the physical universe can be considered to have a finite number of atoms, and Brahman (the supreme reality behind the gods and the universe) is the one who creates consciousness in atoms. Eventually, Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools merged; However, Vaisheshika only accepts valid sources of knowledge as conclusions and perceptions. Purva Mimamsa The Purva Mimainsa school is based on translating the vedas and being the authority over the sacred texts. Purva Mimamsa had absolute faith in the sacred text and included a fire sacrifice performance to do so. Trusted, defending the universe. While the Purva Mimamsa school believes in the philos kinphical and logical teachings of other schools, they argue that the only way one can attain salvation is by living in harmony with the teachings. Later, the Purva Mimamsa school changed to insist that in order to liberate one's soul, one must take part in enlightened activities. Vedanta The Vedanta school focuses on the philosophical teachings of mystical ascetic asceticism found in the Vedas, known as Upanishads. The Vedanta School emphasizes the importance of meditation, spiritual connectedness, and selfdiscipline. Orthodoxy School Four orthodox, or non-Hindu, schools do not accept the Authorities present in Vedes. Carvaka The school is based on materialism, atheism, and skepticism Perception, according to the Carvaka school, is knowledge. Indian Political Philosophy Together with Arhashastra, a text that discusses economic policies and state expertise. In the twentieth century, other political philosophies were popularized by Mahatma Gandhi, and were heavily influenced by the writings of Jesus, Leo Tolstoy, John Ruskin, Henry David Thoreai. PhilosophyPolitical philosophy in India dates back to the 19th century s.c. and the Bhagawad Gita. Gandhi emphasized a political philosophy based on ahimsa, or nonviolence, and satyagraha, vile resistance. Buddhism The principles of Buddhist philosophy are based on the four noble truths (the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that liberates a person from suffering). Buddhism recommends that they end suffering, so they should follow the noble eightfold path. Buddhist philosophy alludes to ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, phenomenology, and the idea that gods have nothing to do with it. Jainism One of the most basic ideas in jainism is to spin tavada, different ideas of different viewpoints view reality, and therefore, there is no completely correct point of view. In Jain philosophy, the only person who has the right knowledge and answers is called Kevalis; Others can only know part of the answer. Jainism strongly emphasizes equality of rights to life, spiritual freedom, nonviolence, and the fact that one's behavior has direct consequences. Self-control, according to Jain philosophy, is essential for one to understand the true nature of the soul. CHINESE PHILOSOPHY The four most influential schools of philosophy that Chinese philosophy originated began in 500 BC. (at the same time as the Ancient Greek era Philosophy began to emerge), and this period was referred to as the "strife of a hundred schools of thought". The dorinant philo sophical schools of astronomy were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and legalism during the various Chinese dynasties. This thinking, along with homosexuals, is incorporated into official doctrine. CONFUCIANISM According to the teachings of Confucius, Confucianism is philosophy! A system that touches on themes related to politics, society and morality, and is very moral in nature (tlough is not a religion. Confucianism And let one follow a belief while still following Confucianism) Confucius created the idea of meritocracy, the golden rule (which states that one should treat others as they would like to be treated), the idea of yin and yang (two permanently conflicting forces in conflict, which, in turn, creates endless changes and contradictions), and the idea that to find a middle way, one must unite opposites. The main ideas of Confucianism are ren (humanism for others), zhengming (a fication of names), zhong (loyalty), xiao (filial piety), respect for the elders and elders), and li (rituals). TAOISM Taoism began as a philosophy and later turned into a religion. Tao means "way" or "path", and is often used in metaphysics to represent the flow of the universe or the impetus behind the natural order. Taoist philosophy focuses on humanism, relativism, emptiness spontaneity, flexibility, and nothingness. Like Confucianism, Taoism places a strong emphasis on yin and yang, and also emphasizes the eight trigrams, the eight interconnected principles of reality, and feng shui, an ancient Chinese legal system that uses color and arrangement to achieve harmony and balance in the flow of energy. LEGALISM Legalism is a political philosophy based on the idea that there should be strict and clear laws for people to obey, or that there should be harsh punishments. Jurisprudence is based on the basis of "philosophy of law", which means "philosophy of law". Legalism states that rulers should rule on the basis of Fa (law), Shu (tactics, art, methods, and management of sase events), and Shi (power, charisma, or legitimacy). MOHISM Mohism seeks mutual profit by supporting the idea of universal love. According to Mohism, to avoid war and CCTV, everyone must like each other. The founder of Mohism, Mozi (470-390 C.), opposed the ritual teachings of Confucius, and instead believed that people should engage themselves in a more practical way, such as farming. Defense, and managing state affairs. BUDDHISM As Buddhism spread to China, other schools of thought such as Taoism and Confucianism merged into it, creating new schools of Buddhism. These new types of Buddhism focus more on ethics and less on metaphysics. KOREAN PHILOSOPHY The philosophical schools that are going to come out of Korea are inflating us by other philosophical schools in the area. The most significant philosophical schools are Shamanism, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Native Shamanism Although later shamanism was influenced by Taoism and Buddhism, shamanism, the natives have flourished in Kcrea for thousands of years. Shamanism is the belief that there are useful and dangerous spirits in nature, and that only people with special powers such as shamans can overcome these spirits. A shaman in Korea is usually a woman, and is referred to as mudang. Mudang will connect with the spirit world and try to fix human problems. Buddhism When Buddhism was brought to Korea from China in 372 AD, shaman spirits merged into the school of philosophical thought in an attempt to resolve what Koreans saw as internal inconsistencies with the Chinese form of Buddhism. Confucianism Confucianism was also brought to Korea from China. In fact, Confucianism had a significant impact on Korean society, shaping the morality system and the legal system, and shaping the relationship between the old and the young. The most important ideas pushed by Korean schools of Confucianism (also known as neoConfucianism) are hyo (filial piety), chung (loyalty), sin (trust), and dalam (kindness). Taoism Taoism arrived in Korea from China in 674 AD while Taoism from Korea was popular at the beginning of the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), in the middle period, Taoism, along with philosophy and other religions, became part of Buddhism. Taoism has never been a religion in Korea, but its influence can still be found in Korean thought. Korean philosophers of the Modern Era In 1910, thanks to Japanese rule, Shintoism became the official religion of Korea. During that time, however, the German idealistic philosopher edat—the edat philosopher—was very popular. When Korea was divided into North Korea and South Korea, North Korea began to follow the orthodoxy of Marxism, also fueling ideas from Chinese Maoism and ideas from yang', a (clas power) of Confucianism JAPANESE PHILOSOPHY Japanese philosophy is a combination of Japanese, Chinese, and western philosophy. Although Taoism and Confucianism were influential in Japan, adherents of Sintoism and Buddhism were very influential. Shinto The religion of the indigenous people of Japan, and the religion of its neighbors until World War II, is known as Shinto. Although Shinto itself is not necessarily a philosophy, it is very influential on the philosophy that emerged from Japan. Shintoisia is a form of polytheistic animism explained by the vorld through the power and invisible spirit we know as us. In the sixth century from China and Korea, Buddhism was introduced to Japan, and many elements of Buddhism were incorporated into sintoism. Although there are no binding dogmatic principles in Shinto, their importance lies in key ideas such as having a deep love and respect for nature, tradition and family, cleanliness, and festivals, known as matsuri, that celebrate us. Buddhism Buddhism was brought to Japan in 550 AD there were three main schools of Buddhism from Japan, and with the introduction of each new school, new philosophical ideas were introduced. Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism was brought to Japan from Korea (which got it from China, whose version was based on the Mahayana teachings of Indian Buddhism) and became its own school of thought in the 12th century. The principles of Zen state that every living being has innate virtues and wisdom (buddha nature) hidden in his mind. According to Zen buddha, through meditation and awareness of day-to-day experiences, one can discover his buddha-nature. Currently, there are three schools of Zen Buddhism in Japan 1. Soto (the largest of the schools) 2. Rinzai (who has many schools in it) 3. Obaku (the smallest among schools) Amidist Buddhism Amidist, also known as pure land, Buddhism is one of the more popular forms of Buddhism in Japan and China, and is based on the teachings of Amitabha Buddhism. According to this type of Buddhism, absolute enlightenment is absolute if one devotes one's life to contact with Buddha Amitabha (the most basic practice for doing so is to chant the name of Buddha Amitabha with full concentration), and an enlightened person will be reborn in the pure land. Nichiren Buddhism Nichiren buddhism is based on the philosophical teachings of the monk Nichiren from Japan, who lived during the 13th century, one of the main beliefs of Nichiren buddha is that because people have an innate buddhist nature within them, they can achieve enlightenment in this life and in the present form. Influence of Western Philosophy The influence of western philosophy as a Kyoto school emerged during the twentieth century. The movement is headquartered at Kyoto University and blends many western philosophical and religious ideas into traditional East Asian ideas. In particular, the ideas of Hegel, Kant, Heidegger, Nietzsche, and Christianity were used to reformulate moral and religious understanding.