Respondent Conditioning

True / False 1. Unconditioned responses have survival value for the individual. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. Ideally, the US should occur immediately before the onset of the NS. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Backward conditioning is most likely to result in respondent conditioning. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. During spontaneous recovery, the magnitude of the CR is usually smaller than the magnitude of the CR that occurred prior to extinction. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. Respondent and operant behaviors cannot occur together in the same situation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. One pairing between a neutral stimulus and a US is often sufficient to establish the neutral stimulus as a CS. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. CERs are always negative. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. A neutral stimulus becomes a CS by being paired with a US. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. In respondent extinction, the target behavior is no longer reinforced. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. In respondent extinction, the CS occurs without the US and eventually the CS no longer elicits a CR. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. A less intense stimulus will be a more effective US. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Multiple Choice 12. In behavior modification, operant conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________ and respondent conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________. a. consequences; antecedent stimuli b. antecedent stimuli; consequences c. causes; effects d. effects; causes ANSWER: a 13. Responses that are elicited by antecedent stimuli without any conditioning or learning taking place are referred to as ____________ responses. a. automatic b. uncontrolled c. conditioned d. unconditioned ANSWER: d 14. Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned response? a. an eye blink in response to a puff of air in the eye b. pupil constriction due to bright light in the eye c. salivation in response to food in the mouth d. salivation in response to the sound of a dinner bell ANSWER: d 15. Which of the following is NOT an example of a conditioned response? a. a positive emotional response when a man smells his girlfriend’s perfume b. startle response in response to the sight of a gun c. fear response (autonomic arousal) when walking down a dark street d. startle response in response to loud noise ANSWER: d 16. Stimulation that is painful to the body is as example of a(n) ____________ stimulus. a. neutral b. conditioned c. unconditioned d. environmental ANSWER: c 17. If a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, ____________ conditioning has occurred. a. respondent b. operant c. instrumenta l d. all of these ANSWER: a 18. Another name for respondent conditioning is a. instrumental conditioning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. verbal conditioning ANSWER: b 19. A response elicited by the conditioned stimulus is referred to as a(n) ____________ response. a. learned b. conditioned c. unconditioned d. automatic ANSWER: b 20. A previously neutral stimulus that is able to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus is called a ____________ stimulus. a. paired b. secondary c. dependent d. conditioned ANSWER: d 21. When a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS, the neutral stimulus will become a CS and elicit a CR. This process is called. a. spontaneous recovery b. respondent extinction c. higher-order conditioning d. operant-respondent interaction ANSWER: c 22. The behavior that is elicited by the presence of an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus is referred to as __________ behavior. a. respondent b. operant c. automatic d. learned ANSWER: a 23. What will happen if the CS is presented many times in the absence of the US? a. the CS will elicit a CR b. the CS will no longer elicit the CR c. The US will no longer elicit a UR d. B and C ANSWER: b 24. In behavior modification, who was the first person to demonstrate the process of respondent conditioning? a. Freud b. Watson c. Pavlov d. Skinner ANSWER: c 25. Which of the possible temporal relationships between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is least likely to be effective? a. delay conditioning b. backward conditioning c. trace conditioning d. simultaneous conditioning ANSWER: b 26. Which type of conditioning is it if the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus ends? a. delay b. trace c. backward d. concurrent ANSWER: c 27. In which temporal relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus is the unconditioned stimulus presented after the neutral stimulus ends? a. delay conditioning b. simultaneous conditioning c. trace conditioning d. backward conditioning ANSWER: c 28. When the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time it is called ____________ conditioning. a. trace b. simultaneous c. delay d. backward ANSWER: b 29. If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus it is referred to as ____________ conditioning. a. backward b. forward c. delay d. trace ANSWER: a 30. Which type(s) of respondent conditioning is(are) generally most effective? a. trace b. delay c. simultaneous d. A and B ANSWER: d 31. When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with an already established conditioned stimulus, it is called ____________ conditioning. a. first-order b. higher-order c. operant d. instrumenta l ANSWER: b 32. Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response? a. fear b. anger c. happiness d. all of these ANSWER: d 33. As a result of being paired with a loud noise, a flashing light has come to elicit a startle reflex. When the flashing light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise, the startle reflex eventually stops occurring. This process in which a conditioned stimulus is no longer able to elicit a conditioned response is referred to as: a. respondent extinction b. secondary conditioning c. operant extinction d. reverse conditioning ANSWER: a 34. Following extinction, a conditioned stimulus is presented and the conditioned response occurs. This process is referred to as: a. backward conditioning b. reverse extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. reinforcement ANSWER: c 35. Which of the following can develop through the process of respondent conditioning? a. generalization b. discriminatio n c. A and B d. none of these ANSWER: c 36. Which of the following factors does NOT influence the strength of respondent conditioning? a. temporal relationship between the NS and US b. contingency between the NS and US c. number of pairings of the NS and US d. formal relationship between the NS and US ANSWER: d 37. The ____________ pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus has the single strongest effect on respondent conditioning. a. initial b. final c. second d. next to last ANSWER: a 38. Spontaneous recovery occurs when a. the behavior is no longer reinforced b. a CS elicits a CR in the future after respondent extinction had taken place c. a neutral stimulus can elicit a CR after one pairing with a US d. the CS is no longer paired with the US ANSWER: b 39. In order for respondent conditioning to be most effective, the neutral stimulus should occur ____________ the unconditioned stimulus occurs. a. after b. at the same time c. before d. more often than ANSWER: c 40. In ____________ conditioning, a response is elicited by an antecedent stimulus, and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli. a. operant b. respondent c. instrumental d. none of these ANSWER: b 41. In ____________ conditioning a response is emitted, and conditioning involves a contingency between the response and the consequence. a. respondent b. classical c. Pavlovian d. operant ANSWER: d Completion 42. An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n) ANSWER: UR; unconditioned response 43. Respondent conditioning occurs when a(n) ANSWER: neutral stimulus; US, unconditioned stimulus 44. As a result respondent conditioning, the . ANSWER: neutral stimulus; CR, conditioned response . is paired with a(n) . becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a(n) 45. When a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS, this is called . ANSWER: higher-order conditioning 46. When Pavlov presented the sound of the metronome repeatedly without putting the meat powder in the dog’s mouth, the dog quit salivating to the metronome. What is this process? ___________________ ANSWER: respondent extinction 47. After respondent extinction occurred in which the dog no longer salivated to the sound of the metronome, later Pavlov presented the metronome and the dog began to salivate (to a lesser extent). This is called . ANSWER: spontaneous recovery 48. For respondent conditioning to be most effective, the US should _____________ (precede / follow) the NS. ANSWER: follow 49. Respondent conditioning is not likely to occur when the NS ______________ (precedes / follows) the US. ANSWER: follow s 50. _______________ is an example of a conditioned emotional response. ANSWER: Fear; Anger; Happiness; Love A. delay conditioning 51. B. trace conditioning C. simultaneous conditioning D. backward conditioning The NS precedes the US and the presentation of the US does not overlap with the presentation of the NS. ANSWER: b 52. The US is presented prior to the NS. ANSWER: d 53. The NS is presented and the US is then presented before the termination of the NS. ANSWER: c 54. The NS and the US are presented at the same time. ANSWER: a Subjective Short Answer 55. Define respondent extinction. ANSWER: Respondent extinction involves the repeated presentation of the CS without the presentation of the US. 56. In respondent conditioning, how is discrimination developed? How is generalization developed? ANSWER: Discrimination develops in respondent condition in the following manner: When a particular stimulus (S1) is paired with the US, but similar stimuli (S2, S3, S4, etc.) are presented without the US, only S1 will elicit a CR. Generalization develops in respondent conditioning in the following manner: If S1 is paired with the US but similar stimuli (S2, S3, S4, etc.) are never presented in the absence of the US, the CR is more likely to generalize to these other stimuli. 57. List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning. ANSWER: The following 5 factors influence respondent conditioning: a) the nature of the US and CS intensity; b) contingency between the NS and the US; c) previous exposure to the NS; d) temporal relationship between the NS and US; and e) number of pairings. 58. If Pavlov occasionally (1 out of 10 times) gave the dogs the meat powder following the sound of the metronome, the dogs would be more or less likely to salivate to the metronome. ANSWER: Less 59. John is playing in the front yard when a big dog starts running and barking towards him. The dog attack makes John’s heart beat faster and John runs into the house to get away from the dog. Identify both the respondent and operant behaviors that occurred. ANSWER: The respondent behavior is the autonomic arousal (heart beating faster). The operant behavior is running into the house. 60. Provide 3 examples of unconditioned responses (identify the US and UR in each example. ANSWER: Three examples of unconditioned responding are as follows (see Table 8.1): a) eye blink (UR) in response to a bright light (US); b) rapid withdrawal (UR) from a painful stimulus (US); and c) startle reflex (UR) to a loud noise (US).