University:
Baylor University
Course:
PSY 1305 | Introductory Psychology
Academic year:

2019
Views:

300

Pages:

2
Author:

elcopihuesn

The Science of Human Development Defining Development - The science of human development seeks to understand how and why people of all ages an circumstances change or remain the same over time - Growth is: ○ Multidirectional ○ Multicontextual ○ Multicultural ○ Multidisciplinary ○ Plastic The Scientific Method: a way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions - Begin with curiosity: pose a question - Develop a hypothesis: shape the question into a hypothesis, a specific prediction to be examined - Test the hypothesis: design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data) - Analyze the evidence gathered in research: conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or not - Report the results: share the data, conclusions, and alternative explanations - Replication: repeating procedures and methods of a study with different participants Using the Scientific Method - Scientific observation ○ Requires the researcher to record behavior systematically and objectively ○ May be done in a naturalistic setting such as a home school, or other public area ○ May be done in a laboratory - Statistical measures often used to analyze research results ○ Effect size ○ Significance ○ Cost-benefit analysis ○ Odds ratio ○ Factor analysis ○ Meta-analysis relationship between two variables Independent variables: variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependen variable - Dependent variable: variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds - Experimental group: subjected to the particular treatment or condition (the independent variable) - Comparison group: (also called a control group) does not receive the experimental group treatment - The survey ○ Involves collection of information from a large number of people ○ Presents challenges in acquiring valid information ○ Produces answers that are influenced by the wording and the sequence of the survey questions 3 research methods - Observation ○ Requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively ○ Can occur in a naturalistic setting (home) or a laboratory (with web cams) - Experiment ○ Establishes what causes what ○ Experimenters manipulate an independent variable, which is the imposed treatment special condition ○ Scientists note whether the independent variable affects whatever they are studying, called the dependent variable - Survey ○ Information is collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, o some other means ○ Quick, direct way to obtain data ○ Not always accurate because people lie or change their minds - Nature - Nurture Debate - Nature: general term for the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception - Nurture: general term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived ○ Refers to environmental influences: health and diet of mother, family, school, community, society - Nature always affects nurture, and then nurture affects nature - Differential susceptibility: sensitivity to any particular experience differs from one person to another because of the particular genes each person has inherited, or what happened to tha person years earlier

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