University:
Boston University
Course:
CAS CS 200 | Computer Science Workshops
Academic year:

2024
Views:

443

Pages:

3
Author:

Skye S.

module 3 pp Stress disrupts homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a stable environment in the body. It can be either positive (eustress) or negative (distress), and can be triggered by psychological, physical, or physiological stimuli. Chronic stress has been linked to various health issues such as diminished immunity, cancer, heart disease, and depression. Bullet points Telomeres and Immortality ● ● Telomeres are protective caps on chromosomes; they shorten with each cell division In cancer cells, telomerase can activate telomere replenishment, allowing for unlimited division Angiogeneis ● ● ● Growth of new blood vessels to supply tumor Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis Advanced cancers can secrete VEGF to increase blood vessel formation Initiation to metastasis in solid tumors: ● ● Rapid glucose uptake and lactate production, even in the presence of oxygen and functional mitochondria Oncogenes and mutant tumor suppressors reprogram energy metabolism to promote rapid cell growth Reverse Warburg effect in cancer cells: ● ● Glycolysis in cancer cells supports adjacent cancer cells by transferring catabolites to generate ATP and increase replication This enables cancer cells to resist apoptotic cell death Resisting apoptotic cell death: ● ● Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways contribute to resistance to apoptotic cell death in cancer cells Defects in these pathways can block the self-destruction of cancer cells Inflammation and cancer: ● ● ● Chronic inflammation is a factor in the development of cancer Inflammatory cells release cytokines that promote tumor growth Tumor-associated macrophages can block T-cytotoxic cell and NK cell functions and produce cytokines advantageous for tumor growth Immune system and cancer: ● ● ● Normal immune system protects against cancer cells by recognizing tumor antigens Immunosuppression fosters cancer development and resistance to treatment Viruses such as hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, human papillomavirus, and human Tcell leukemia-lymphoma virus can promote cancer Metastasis: ● ● ● Spread of cancer from a primary site to distant organs Invasion, extravasation, and colonization are involved in metastasis Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a role in the transition to metastatic cancer cells Tumor Characteristics: ● ● ● ● EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) influences motility and invasion of cancer cells Dendritic MDSC (Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells) are pro-tumorigenic cells TAM (Tumor-Associated Macrophages) lose their PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor) and TGF-B (Transforming Growth Factor-Beta) expression Tumor ECM (Extracellular Matrix) plays a role in invasion and metastasis ● ● ● ● EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition) increases cellular migratory capacity and resistance to apoptosis Tissue-resident macrophages and BM (Bone Marrow)-derived macrophages contribute to tumor development De-differentiated cancer cells exhibit a stem-like state ATP is involved in intravasation and extravasation processes