University:
Bradley University
Course:
BIO 111 | Introduction to Cell Biology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

383

Pages:

2
Author:

Alexa Livingston

Biology Unit Study Guide: Classification, Viruses, and More I. General Notes 1. Organization of Living Things ● Life is categorized into a hierarchy: Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species. ● Domains: Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotic), and Eukarya (eukaryotic). ● Cell types: ○ Prokaryotic: no nucleus, single-celled (e.g., bacteria). ○ Eukaryotic: have nuclei and organelles (e.g., animals, plants). 2. First Cells ● First life forms were simple prokaryotes. ● Likely anaerobic, heterotrophic, and aquatic. ● Evolved around 3.5 billion years ago. 3. Evolution of Eukaryotes ● Endosymbiotic theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. ● Eukaryotic cells formed from prokaryotic cells engulfing others. 4. Viruses ● Non-living, requires a host to reproduce. ● Made of: ○ Capsid: protein shell Viruses continued: ○ Genetic material: DNA or RNA ○ Envelope (optional): outer layer with proteins for binding ● Cannot metabolize or maintain homeostasis on their own. 5. Virus Characteristics & Structures ● No cell parts like nucleus or ribosomes. ● Infect cells using specific surface proteins. ● Can mutate rapidly. 6. Antibiotics, Antivirals, Vaccines ● Antibiotics: fight bacteria, not viruses. ● Antivirals: slow down viral replication. ● Vaccines: train the immune system using weakened/dead pathogens or genetic pieces. 7. Dichotomous Keys ● Step-by-step tools for identifying organisms. ● Use paired, contrasting statements. ● Used heavily in taxonomy and field biology. 8. Phylogenetic Classification ● Based on evolutionary relationships. ● Tools: cladograms (tree diagrams showing shared traits & ancestry). 9. Plant Classification ● Bryophytes: no vascular tissue (e.g., mosses).

Classiﬁcation, Viruses, and More

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