Test Booklets Introduction to Psychology

3.3-3.4 Vision Name 1. A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that the blind spot is very small, and no visual stimuli are likely to be so small that the blind spot completely obscures them most visual stimuli affect only one visual hemisphere, and one hemisphere can cover for the other visual stimuli usually affect the occipital cortex in both hemispheres the blind spot habituates to a stimulus when the head is held still the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete 2. After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by retinal disparity color constancy selective attention trichromatic theory opponent-process theory 3. After staring at a green, black, and orange “American flag” for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? 3.3-3.4 Vision Trichromatic theory Opponent-process theory Retinex theory Color constancy Convergence 4. As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of motion parallax retinal disparity size constancy continuity common fate 5. Directions: You have 25 minutes to answer the following question. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the questions posed, using appropriate psychological terminology. Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of how each of the following concepts can lead to an inaccurate perception, cognition, or conclusion. Each example must include an explanation of the relationship between the concept and the 3.3-3.4 Vision inaccuracy. Afterimage effect Availability heuristic Ethnocentrism Groupthink Lack of object permanence Nonrandom assignment of research participants Optimistic explanatory style Proactive interference 6. Directions: You have 25 minutes to answer the following question. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the questions posed, using appropriate psychological terminology. A researcher designs a study to investigate the effect of feedback on perception of incomplete visual figures. Each participant stares at the center of a screen while the researcher briefly projects incomplete geometric figures one at a time at random positions on the screen. The participant’s task is to identify each incomplete figure. One group of participants receives feedback on the accuracy of their responses. A second group does not. The researcher compares the mean number of figures correctly identified by the two groups. 3.3-3.4 Vision A. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the study. B. Identify the role of each of the following psychological terms in the context of the research. Foveal vision Feature detectors Gestalt principle of closure C. Describe how each of the following terms relates to the conclusions that can be drawn based on the research. Random assignment Statistical significance 7. Directions: You have 25 minutes to answer the following question. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the questions posed, using appropriate psychological terminology. At a schoolwide pep rally preceding a big game at Williams James High School, each grade has a designated t-shirt color and seating area in the bleachers. Student leaders organize classes so that their colored shirts combine to form the school flag. The coach gives an exciting speech, the cheerleaders perform a routine, and the band plays the school song while the students sing in unison. Explain the behavior and perceptions of the participants in the pep rally using the concepts 3.3-3.4 Vision below. Be sure to apply the concepts to the scenario in your explanation. Cocktail party effect Conformity Deindividuation Figure ground Occipital lobe Procedural memory Sympathetic nervous system Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher. 8. Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? 3.3-3.4 Vision Occipital cortex Retina Optic chiasm Lens Cornea 9. If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is green red blue violet black 10. In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are 3.3-3.4 Vision more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea less sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea as sensitive in the dark as cones and are few in number in the fovea more numerous than cones are in the fovea as numerous as cones are all over the retina 11. In vision, transduction occurs within the optic nerve visual cortex retina lens cornea 12. In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the 3.3-3.4 Vision image on the retina becomes smaller image on the retina remains constant in size perceived distance of the object becomes greater perceived distance of the object becomes smaller perceived distance of the object remains constant 13. In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain? 3.3-3.4 Vision A B C D E 14. In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors? 3.3-3.4 Vision A B C D E 15. Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty? Her rods are functioning improperly and are not sensing color. Her cones cannot detect color well in dim light. Light adaptation prevents sensation of color. Lateral antagonism inhibits color sensation. Her optic chiasm is not correctly transferring color neural impulses. 16. Negative afterimages are explained by 3.3-3.4 Vision the trichromatic theory color detection by rods the opponent-process theory a lack of adaptation dichromatic color perception 17. People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their rods cones lens optic nerve occipital lobe 18. Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? 3.3-3.4 Vision Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical. 19. Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? Shape constancy Color constancy Perceptual adaptation Interposition Absolute threshold 20. Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? 3.3-3.4 Vision Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. Allison’s hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues. 21. Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision? Rods Cones Optic nerves Wavelengths Hues 22. Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? 3.3-3.4 Vision Trigeminal and vestibular Ganglion and vestibular Bipolar and vestibular Bipolar and Schwann Bipolar and ganglion 23. Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the lens optic chiasm visual cortex fovea cornea 24. The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called 3.3-3.4 Vision accommodation adaptation conduction convergence consonance 25. The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is near the center of the visual field close to the lens not close to the blind spot an extension of the frontal lobe made up of only cones 26. The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the 3.3-3.4 Vision blue-yellow system red-green system process of visual summation bipolar cells secretion of rhodopsin 27. The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the lens sclera fovea blind spot aqueous humor 28. The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called 3.3-3.4 Vision transduction sensory threshold sensory adaptation parallel processing transferred excitation 29. Visual acuity is best in the lens iris pupil fovea cornea 30. When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as 3.3-3.4 Vision stroboscopic movement the phi phenomenon autokinetic motion binocular vision induced displacement 31. When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the parietal lobe ganglion cells bipolar cells ciliary muscle optic nerve fibers 32. Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision? 3.3-3.4 Vision Bipolar cells→rods and cones→ganglion cells→optic nerve Optic nerve→rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve Ganglion cells→bipolar cells→rods and cones→optic nerve Rods and cones→ganglion cells→bipolar cells→optic nerve 33. Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina? Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, optic nerve Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones Rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve 34. Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye? 3.3-3.4 Vision It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye. It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina. It is most apparent in low levels of illumination. It is stimulated only by high levels of illumination. It is caused by a bleaching of rhodopsin in the rods. 35. Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing? Feature detectors in the retina process information before rods and cones. Rods and cones receive neural signals from ganglion cells. Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. Feature detectors process information before bipolar cells. Rods transduce wavelength and cones transduce light intensity. 36. Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision? 3.3-3.4 Vision Color constancy Feature detection Subtractive color mixing Afterimages Parallel processing