Lesson 3 Male Sex Hormone

The testes are responsible for making ________, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating ________. A: testosterone; sperm Q: Within the testes, ________ produce sperm, while ________ secrete testosterone. A: seminiferous tubules; interstitial cells Q: The ________ is a loose pouch-like sac of skin that contains the testes and acts as a "climate control system" for them. A: scrotum Q: Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to ________ and ________, moving the testicles closer to or farther from the body to regulate temperature. A: contract; relax Q: The ________ is a long, coiled tube that transports and stores sperm cells produced in the testes and brings sperm to maturity. A: epididymis Q: The ________ is a long, muscular tube that transports mature sperm to the urethra. A: vas deferens Q: The ________ is formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle and empties into the urethra. A: ejaculatory duct Q: The ________ produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with energy and makes up most of the volume of ejaculatory fluid. A: seminal vesicles Q: The ________ gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate and helps nourish the sperm. A: prostate Q: The ________ glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acidity present. A: bulbourethral (Cowper's) Q: The excretory ducts of the male reproductive system include the ________, ________, and ________. A: epididymis; ductus deferens (vas deferens); ejaculatory ducts Q: The testicle develops near the ________ about 7 weeks after conception. A: kidney Q: The testicle descends to the top of the groin at about ________ weeks after conception and into the scrotum at about ________ weeks before birth. A: 12; 4-6 Q: The level of testosterone in the body remains relatively steady because its production is regulated by a ________ involving hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes. A: negative feedback loop Q: Testosterone levels rise when the hypothalamus releases ________, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ________, which in turn stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells of the testis. A: GnRH; LH Q: LH is sometimes called ________ in males. A: interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) Q: The ovaries are paired organs located on each side of the pelvic cavity and are the site for ________ and ________ production. A: secondary oocytes; hormone Q: The hormones produced by the ovaries are ________, ________, ________, and ________. A: progesterone; estrogens; inhibin; relaxin Q: The uterus is situated between the ________ and the ________ and is the site for implantation of a fertilized ovum and development of the fetus. A: urinary bladder; rectum Q: The opening at the end of the uterus is the ________. A: cervix Q: The ________ is a tubular canal that extends from the exterior of the body to the cervix and serves as the passage for sexual intercourse, menstrual flow, and childbirth. A: vagina Q: Oogenesis is the process by which the female gametes, or ________, are created. A: ova (ovum) Q: The female reproductive cycle begins at ________ and lasts an average of ________ days. A: puberty; 28 Q: The two components of the female reproductive cycle are the ________ cycle and the ________ cycle. A: ovarian; uterine Q: The uterine cycle consists of the ________ phase (days 1-5), the ________ phase (days 6-14), and the ________ phase (days 15-28). A: menstrual; proliferative; secretory Q: The uterine cycle is controlled by the ovarian hormones ________ and ________. A: estrogen; progesterone Q: The ovarian cycle consists of the ________ phase (first 14 days) and the ________ phase (last 14 days). A: follicular; luteal Q: The ovarian cycle is regulated by changing levels of ________ and ________. A: FSH; LH Q: FSH causes development of ________ in the ovary and stimulates secretion of ________ by the follicle. A: follicles; estrogen Q: Estrogen stimulates proliferation of the ________ and affects the consistency of ________ mucus. A: endometrium; cervical Q: Levels of estrogen stimulate a surge in ________ which triggers ovulation. A: LH Q: The corpus luteum secretes ________ which promotes development and vascularization of the endometrium. A: progesterone Q: The whiplike movements of the sperm's ________ propel the sperm. A: tail Q: The midpiece of the sperm contains ________ that provide energy for movement. A: mitochondria Q: The head of the sperm contains the father's ________. A: chromosomes Q: The ________ is a sac that covers the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that assist in fertilization. A: acrosome Q: A typical egg cell is surrounded by two distinct layers: the ________ (jelly coat) and ________. A: zona pellucida; corona radiata Q: The zona pellucida is a ________ matrix which acts as a barrier to sperm entry. A: glycoprotein Q: The corona radiata is an external layer of ________ cells which provide support and nourishment to the egg cell. A: follicular Q: The ooplasm (cytoplasm) of the egg contains ________, ________, ________, and ________ granules. A: centrosome; centriole; mitochondria; cortical Q: The site of human fertilization is the ________. A: fallopian tube Q: The sequence of events in fertilization begins with ________ of the sperm, a process involving biochemical changes to acquire the ability to fertilize the egg. A: capacitation Q: During sperm-zona binding, sperm binds to ________ glycoproteins via specific receptors on the sperm head. A: zona pellucida (ZP) Q: Species specificity in fertilization ensures only sperm of the ________ can bind to the egg. A: same species Q: The acrosome reaction involves the release of enzymes, such as ________, to digest the zona pellucida. A: acrosin Q: ________ is a protein on the sperm membrane that binds to integrins on the egg membrane, enabling fusion. A: Fertilin Q: After sperm-egg fusion, the sperm nucleus decondenses to form the ________ pronucleus. A: male Q: The male and female pronuclei merge to restore the ________ chromosome number in humans. A: diploid (46) Q: The cortical reaction in the egg involves release of enzymes that modify the ________. A: zona pellucida Q: Zona hardening prevents ________ by making the zona pellucida impermeable. A: polyspermy Q: All treatments or procedures that include the in vitro handling of human oocytes and sperm or embryos for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy are called ________. A: Assisted Reproductive Therapy (ART) Q: Techniques included in ART are ________, ________, ________, ________, and ________. A: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF); Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT); Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT); Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI); Assisted Hatching Q: In ________, egg production is stimulated by hormone therapy, eggs are retrieved from the ovary, sperm sample is provided, eggs and sperm are combined to allow fertilization, and fertilized eggs are introduced into the uterus. A: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Q: In ________, fertilized embryos (zygotes) are transferred into the fallopian tube after in vitro fertilization. A: Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) Q: In ________, sperm and eggs are placed into a fallopian tube to allow fertilization in the natural site. A: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) Q: ________ involves injection of a single immobilized normal spermatozoa into the cytoplasm of a mature metaphase II oocyte. A: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Q: ________ is indicated for couples with recurrent failure of fertilization due to functional gamete disorders or severe oligospermia (sperm count less than 5 million/ml). A: ICSI Q: ________ is the process of introducing sperm into the uterus or cervix artificially without sex. A: Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)