Lesson 7 and 8 SCORM Slides 2

Lesson 7 and 8 SCORM Slides 2 Q: What should you be able to do at the end of the neurulation lesson? A: 1. Describe the major stages of neurulation including the induction of neural plate formation by the notochord. 2. Identify the major anatomical structures of the brain and spinal cord. 3. Explain how brain functions are localized in the specific cerebral lobes and other parts of the brain including medulla, pons and limbic system. 4. Identify factors that impact neural development. 5. Apply the knowledge of the embryological development of the brain and relate it to various neural tube defects (NTDs)2. Q: What is anencephaly? A: A serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull2. Q: What are the characteristics of a baby born with anencephaly? A: Can breathe, has a functional heart, usually blind, deaf, unconscious, unable to feel pain, and will never be able to think or achieve "personhood"2. Q: At what stage during development can anencephaly occur? A: During neurulation, when the neural tube fails to close completely (early embryonic development)2. Q: How is it possible for only some brain functions to be present in anencephaly? A: Because some brainstem functions may remain intact even when higher brain structures are absent2. Q: What is neurulation? A: Formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm of the embryo2. Q: What happens on Day 21 of embryonic development? A: Closing of the neural tube2. Q: What do the primary brain vesicles develop into? A: Secondary brain vesicles, which further develop into the functional adult brain structures2. Q: What does the ventricular system of the brain develop from? A: The lumens of the brain vesicles2. Q: Fill in the blanks: The neural ________, which is part of the ectoderm, gives rise to the nervous system. The first important step is the formation of a groove in the neural plate, called the neural ________ that runs from the ________ to the ________. The walls of the groove, called neural ________, come together and fuse, forming the neural ________. This process is called ________. The entire ________ nervous system develops from the walls of this structure. A: plate; groove; posterior; anterior; folds; tube; neurulation; central2. Q: What is the neural crest? A: Some neural ectoderm pinched off and lying lateral to the neural tube, from which the peripheral nervous system will develop2. Q: What structures arise from the mesoderm found on both sides of the neural tube? A: The skull and vertebral column2. Q: What are neurons? A: Cells that send and receive impulses2. Q: What are neuroglia? A: Support cells that provide nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and facilitate signal transmission2. Q: What is white matter composed of? A: Bundles of axons2. Q: What is the function of white matter? A: Allows communication between the various gray matter regions and between the gray matter and the rest of the body2. Q: Name the main parts of the forebrain (prosencephalon). A: Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system2. Q: Name the main parts of the midbrain (mesencephalon). A: Reticular formation, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)2. Q: What is the limbic system involved in? A: Learning and memory2. Q: What are neural tube defects (NTDs)? A: Birth defects of the CNS that occur when the neural tube fails to close completely2. Q: What is the difference between open and closed NTDs? A: Open: Brain and/or spinal cord exposed at birth through a defect in the skull or vertebrae (e.g. myelomeningocele, anencephaly, encephalocele). Closed: Spinal defect covered by skin (e.g. lipomyelomeningocele, lipomeningocele, tethered cord)2. Q: What does 'a-' or 'an-' mean? A: Without2. Q: What does 'cephalon-' mean? A: Brain2. Q: What is spina bifida occulta? A: The mildest type of spina bifida, often hidden2. Q: What are some visible signs of spina bifida occulta? A: Tuft of hair, dimple, birthmark, lump, skin opening, fatty tissue tethering the end of the spinal cord2. Q: What is myelomeningocele? A: The most severe form of spina bifida, with symptoms including bladder and bowel dysfunction and inability to walk2. Q: What nutritional deficiencies can cause NTDs? A: Deficiency of folate and vitamin B122. Q: What are some environmental causes of NTDs? A: Use of antiseizure medicines before and during pregnancy, maternal diabetes, maternal obesity, maternal age >35, multiple pregnancy, maternal undernutrition and stress2. Q: What genetic mutation is associated with NTDs? A: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations2. Q: How can NTDs be detected prenatally? A: Amniocentesis—amniotic fluid is tested for fetal exfoliated cells at 15-20 weeks2. Q: What is the diagnosis for a 6 month old baby with a tuft of hair in the lumbosacral region but no adverse effects? A: Spina bifida occulta2. Q: What are the five main learning objectives for neurulation and neuroanatomy? A: 1. Describe the major stages of neurulation including the induction of neural plate formation by the notochord. 2. Identify the major anatomical structures of the brain and spinal cord. 3. Explain how brain functions are localized in the specific cerebral lobes and other parts of the brain including medulla, pons and limbic system. 4. Identify factors that impact neural development. 5. Apply the knowledge of the embryological development of the brain and relate it to various neural tube defects (NTDs)2.