Tourism Economy and Sustainable Development

Tourism Economy and Sustainable Development Presentation Outline History and Development of the Concept of Tourism Classification of Tourism and Travelers Nature Tourism vs. Ecotourism Economic Concept of Tourism Tourism and Sustainable Development History and Development of the Definition of Tourism Classification of Tourism and Travelers Nature Tourism vs. Ecotourism Concept of Tourism Economy Tourism and Sustainable Development Tourism and Recreation Law No. 10 of 2009: travel activities that are done by a person/group of people by visiting a certain place for 01 the purpose of recreation, personal development, or study the uniqueness of tourist attractions visited in a temporary period of time REXCREA TION Re-creare (Latin): 'to recreate' 🡺 activities 02 TOURISM undertaken for physical and mental rejuvenation (reusing one's thinking power to achieve pleasure or satisfaction through an activity) OR an activity that a person does other than work. Milestone in Tourism History The Empire Era People traveled for various reasons: commercial, educational, governmental and religious purposes The Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era The first real tourist, was Cyriacus of Ancona who traveled around the Mediterranean, eager to learn about Greek and Roman history The Grand Tour Era Tourism came into play, starting with the most wealthy society traveled to learn. It was fashionable and became a status symbol The Mobility Era Thomas Cook bringing travel and tourism to the general public Thomas Cook and the Grand Tour (1841): the Origins of Leisure Travel The Modern Era Mass tourism continued to develop in the first half of the 20th century The post-modern era Internet access has become more common and new borders have opened 🡺 digital nomad and more smart tourism experiences, such as virtual tourism 4850-715 BC 5-16th centuries AD 1613-1785 1800-1944 20th century 21th century Tourism by Definition DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF WISDOM (1) Hunziker and Krapf (1942) British Tourism Society (1979) (the oldest concept), travel: - travel and stay in a place - non-residents and not in order to become permanent residents - not for the purpose of earning income Weaknesses: - migrants staying in the hospital include travelers, - migrants who stay for business, not tourists? - Domestic travelers are not counted as tourists Travel: - Travel to a destination - Not a place to live and work - Activities during your stay at the destination The Development of a Conceptual Definition of Tourism (2) The AIEST Annual Congress in Caridiff (1981) Travel: - travel and stay somewhere - for fun - business and study activities Travel: Gilbert (1990) - part of recreation travel to famous destinations in the short term satisfaction of consumer needs one or a combination of activities CONCEPTUAL VISITOR character According to Burkart & Medlik, (1974): ① Tourism is a mixture of phenomena and relationships. ② Phenomena and relationships arise from: a. Dynamic element: movement/travel of a person 🡺 THE JOURNEY b. Static element : staying somewhere 🡺 THE STAY c. Destination : various destinations ③ Not at residence and workplace Temporary and short-term movements ⑤ Not for the purpose of seeking employment Weaknesses of the Tourism Concept CONCEPTUALLY Weakness of conceptual definition: 1. business and study trips are difficult to distinguish from a fun trip 2.the only differentiator is "Purpose" TECHNICAL/OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Tourism 3 basic aspects to define tourism (Burkart and Medlik) Identify categories of trips and visits, including or excluding tourism Definition of length of stay (min & max period) Recognize special situations (e.g. transit traffic) Technical definition of tourism (WTO, 1991) Travel and stay in somewhere Out of residence and work Not more than 1 year For fun, business and other Relevant Tours and Concepts 1. Free Time Concept 2. Leisure concept - leisure activities - leisure time, outside of working time 3. Recreation Concept - activities for fun - don't have to travel 4. Travel concept - is one of the components of tourism History and Development of the Concept of Tourism Tourism and Tourist Classification Nature Tourism vs. Ecotourism Economic Concept of Tourism Tourism and Sustainable Development Tourist Type tourism satellite account Domestic Tourism • In-country tourism by residents Inbound Tourism • Travel within the country by non-residents Outboun Tourism • Travel abroad Internal Tourism • Combination of domestic and inbound tourism National Tourism International Travel • Combination of domestic and outbound tours • Combination of inbound and outbound tours Traveler Typology The Organized Mass Tourism • Travel is highly organized, contact with local culture is minimal, and generally travel is done in large groups. The Individual Mass Tourism • trips are more personalized and rely on tour agents for travel schemes and accommodations, trips are in commonly visited areas. The Explorer The Drifter • self-organized travel scheme, learning the local language/culture, interact with the local population. (Cohen, 1972) Traveler Typology by Experience Recreational • Activities Tourism: entertainment and or restore mental and physical strength away to Diversionary • Travel activities: finding an experience or place to escape the drudgery of everyday life The Experiential • Travel activities: looking for meaning in the life of a group or society in a tourist destination that is not found in everyday life (observation and contact with local residents) The Experimental • Almost the same as the experiential type, but the level of implementation is higher (the goal is clearer), for example tourists looking for spiritual centers in certain communities. The Existential experimental. For example, if the spiritual community moves, the tourist will still visit it at a certain time. History and Development of the Concept of Tourism Classification of Tourism and Travelers Nature Tourism vs. Ecotourism Concept of Tourism Economy Tourism and Sustainable Development NICHE TOURISM WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE? MASS TOURISM Nature and Ecotourism Tourism Nature Tourism (World Conservation Union, 1996) 🡺 tourism that depends on natural resources either directly or indirectly, has been both developed and original Ecotourism (TIES 1990) 🡺 Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people Nature Tourism in Indonesia 1. Conservation Areas: - In situ: Nature Reserve, Wildlife Reserve, National Park, Nature Tourism Park, Buru Park, Great Forest Park - Ex situ: Botanical Garden, Zoo, Safari Park. 2. Non-Conservation Areas: - Mass tourism: Ancol, TMII, Campus Agroedurism - Special Interest Tourism: Wana Wisata, Gudawang Cave, Bird Watching, Tourist village - Training centers: Santa Monica, Kampung Pending, PPLH Trawas ECOWISATA EKOWISATA: literally means ecologycal tourism 🡺 ecology-based tourism which includes environmental and social aspects. Ecotourism: (Thompson 1995) a form of responsible travel / tourism activities to a place that is still natural (relatively undistrubed) with the aim of education, research and enjoying and appreciating all existing resources both plants, animals and cultural and social communities. Boundaries of ECOWISATA 1. Nature and culture based 2. Ecologically and culturally sustainable 3. Environmentally educative 4. Social and economic benefits for local communities 5. Traveler satisfaction 6. Provides economic benefits CHARACTERISTICS OF MILD NATURE TOURISM AND PURE NATURE TOURISM Niche Tourism (Ecotourism) Mass Tourism 1. Hard nature-based tourism 1. Soft nature-based tourism 2. Active 2. Passive 3. Strong environmental commitment 3. Moderate environmental commitment 4. Enhancement of sustainability 5. Specialized trips 4. Steady-state sustainability 6. Long trips 6. Short trips 7. Physically active 7. Physically passive 8. Few services expected 8. Services expected 9. Emphasis on personal experience 9. Emphasis on interpretation 5. Multi-purpose trips History and Development of the Concept of Tourism Classification of Tourism and Travelers Nature Tourism vs. Ecotourism Concept of Tourism Economy Tourism and Sustainable Development TOURISM and Economics Economy: Making choices to achieve the goal ❖ Destination tourists (Travelers/Consumers) : - Utility Maximization - Satisfaction from consuming goods and services - Satisfaction from utilization of resources (time and money) ❖ Purpose of suppliers: - Commercial suppliers: increased profits - Some non-profit suppliers: increased number of visits ❖ Government objectives: - Developing countries: foreign exchange, taxes, jobs, poverty reduction, while protecting the environment and recognizing local culture - Developed countries: have additional objectives for international relations characteristics of the tourism economy 1. Tourism Industry - Industry: produces the same products and services - The tourism sector contributes to the global economy 2. The Tourist Product is an amalgam. Attractions, accessibility, accommodation, catering, transportation, etc. 3. Tourism is a service activity travel services: intangible, inseparability, perishability 4. Travel products are impermanent e.g. hotel rooms are not full every day, changes in tourist interest 5. Fluctuations in tourist visits depending on the season (vacation, weather), peak season characteristics of the tourism economy 6. Tourism products are interdependent e.g. tourist attractions depend on transportation, accommodation 7. Investment costs are relatively low, but operating costs are e.g. national parks, cultural reserves, tourist villages high. 8. Tourism is a growing sector WTO, in 2 decades international tourist arrivals in the world rose on average about 4% per year 9. Has a high income elasticity value (>1) 🡺 an increase in people's income will affect tourism demand 🡺 Es = (∆D/D)/(∆Y/Y) 10. Predominance of SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) Micro businesses and local community businesses (important element) 🡺 non commercial rational and cannot be standardized History and Development of the Concept of Tourism Classification of Tourism and Travelers Nature Tourism vs. Ecotourism Economic Concept of Tourism Tourism and Sustainable Development Sustainable Development • Sustainability and sustainable development: Brundtland report [World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987]. • Sustainable development: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable Tourism • Sustainable Tourism (UNWTO): "Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities". • Sustainable tourism (Minister of Tourism Regulation No. 14 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Destinations): Tourism that takes into account current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, meets the needs of visitors, industry, the environment and local communities and can be applied to all forms of tourism activities in all types of tourism, including mass tourism and other types of tourism. Tourism's Contribution to Sustainable Development (1) No Poverty * Tourism is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. * Tourism drives economic growth & development at all levels, a source of income and job creation No Hunger * Tourism spurs agricultural productivity: promotion of production, use & sale of local products in tourist destinations, integrated in the tourism value chain. * Agritourism complements traditional agricultural activities, increases the income of local communities, makes agriculture more resilient, and simultaneously increases the value of the tourism experience. Healthy and Prosperous Life * State/local revenues from tourism activities: tourism foreign exchange and taxes from tourism can be reinvested in improved health care and services. Tourism's Contribution to Sustainable Development (2) Quality Education * Trained & skilled labor essential in tourism: Incentives to invest in standardized (vocational) education & training. * Tourism has the potential to promote inclusiveness, cultural values tolerance, peace and non-violence. Gender Equality * Tourism can empower women in various aspects, especially through the provision of employment and through income-generating opportunities in tourism businesses, such as small and large-scale craft, culinary, & hospitality businesses. Clean Water and Sanitation • Tourism plays an important role in driving water access and availability, as well as hygiene and sanitation for all parties. • Efficient use of water in the tourism sector, wastewater management, control of pollution and technological efficiency are key to safeguarding resources. Tourism's Contribution to Sustainable Development (3) Clean and Affordable Energy * Tourism activities require a lot of energy: Accelerate the shift to renewable energy in the global energy mix. * Tourism can contribute to innovative and new energy solutions in urban & rural, regional and remote areas. Decent Work and Economic Growth * Tourism a driver of global economic growth (1 in 11 jobs in the world): access to decent work opportunities in the tourism sector, especially for youth & women - improved skills and employability. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure • Tourism depends on quality public and private infrastructure: it can provide incentivize the government to improve infrastructure • Tourism can facilitate sustainable industrialization, which is necessary for economic growth, development and innovation. Tourism's Contribution to Sustainable Development (4) Reduced Gap • Tourism plays a role in community development and reducing inequality due to the involvement of the local population. • Tourism is an effective means for developing countries to take part in the global economy. Sustainable Cities and Settlements • Sustainable tourism has the potential to advance urban infrastructure & accessibility, and preserve cultural and natural heritage. • Greater investment in green infrastructure (more efficient transportation facilities, reduction of air pollution, conservation of heritage sites and open spaces, etc.) Responsible Consumption and Production • Sustainable tourism plays an important role in promoting sustainable consumption and production (Sustianbale Consumption and Production/SCP). • The Sustainable Tourism Program (STP) aims to develop SCP, including initiatives in resource efficiency. Climate Change Management • Tourism contributes to, and is affected by, climate change. • Biodiversity plays a major role in the global response to climate change. • By lowering energy consumption and switching to renewable energy sources, tourism can help address one of today's most pressing challenges... Tourism's Contribution to Sustainable Development (5) Ocean Ecosystem • Coastal and marine tourism, the largest tourism segment, especially in Small Island Developing regions States, relying on a healthy marine ecosystem. • Tourism is part of Integrated Coastal Area Management to preserve marine ecosystems and serves to promote the blue economy. Terrestrial Ecosystems • Beautiful landscapes, forests, biodiversity, & natural heritage sites are among the factors. important for travelers to a destination. • Sustainable tourism has a role to play in conserving biodiversity, maintaining terrestrial ecosystems, reduction of waste and consumption, and conservation of flora and fauna. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions • Tourism is an encounter between people from diverse cultural backgrounds: Can promote multicultural and interfaith tolerance and understanding. • Sustainable tourism that engages local communities, provides livelihoods, strengthens cultural identity and spurs entrepreneurship: Prevents violence and conflict. Partnerships to Achieve Goals • Public cooperation and public-private partnerships are important cornerstones in global tourism development. THANK YOU!